Acid Dissociation Constant Essay Example

Acid Dissociation Constant Essay Using spectrophotometric method: determine the wavelengths at which the acid and base forms of the dye in aqueous medium exhibit maximum absorption; determine the molar absorptivities of the acid and base forms of the dye and estimate an unknown concentration of the dye in solution using the Beer-Lambert’s Law; and determine the acid dissociation constant of the indicator dye. THEORY The absorption or reflection of certain wavelengths of light account for observed colors such as the rainbow or the blue sky. Color intensity can be associated with increasing concentration of a substance responsible for absorbing or reflecting light. Thus, if a substance appears colored when dissolved in solution, colorimetric methods (techniques used to determine concentration of a substance by analysis of its inherent color), such as spectrophotometry, can be used to determine quantitatively the amount of the substance dissolved in solution. It is found empirically that the amount of light absorbed by a specific sample depends on three items: (1) the concentration of the solution; (2) the distance travelled by the light through the sample; and (3) the natural ability of the specific substance to absorb light. The previous statement is also known as the Beer’s Law: A = Є b c(6-1) where A is the absorbance, Є is the molar absorptivity (how well the material absorbs light), b is the path length (through which the light passes), and c is the solution concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In typical spectrophotometric techniques, it is generally perceived that the value of b remains the same by using the same sample cell holder (cuvette). Accordingly, the value for Є is constant for a specific chemical species at a given wavelength. In this experiment, indicator dyes are good candidates for analysis, in that, these substances give varied colors when subjected to different pH environments. Indicators dyes are compounds that are essentially weak acids (or bases) that exhibit different colors at various pH levels. The color exhibited by the aqueous solution of the dye is dependent simply whether the dye is present largely in its acidic form (HIn) or its basic form (In–). Such property of dyes in aqueous media affords the use of spectrophotometric methods to relate absorbance data to the relative amounts of the acid and base forms of the dye in buffered solutions. The dissociation of an acid dye in aqueous solution can be represented as HIn + H2O H3O+ + In– (6-2) (color 1) (color 2) here HIn and In– are the acid and conjugate forms of the dye, respectively. If the pH of the solution containing the indicator dye changes, the equilibrium shown in equation (6 – 1) will be driven either towards more reactants (more HIn) or more products (more In–). This results in a color change that depends on the concentration of each dye form present. For instance, in a strongly acidic solution, the equilibrium is shifted to the left and thus the indicator will be present in th e HIn form, exhibiting a color that corresponds to that of HIn. Conversely, in a strongly basic solution, the equilibrium is shifted to the right resulting in a color characteristic of the In– form. Appropriately, at an intermediate pH value, a color which is primarily a combination of colors 1 and 2 results, where the tinge depends largely on the relative amounts of the dye forms present. Considering the mass action expression for the reaction depicted in (6-2) Ka=H3O+In-HIn (6-3) The previous equation can be transformed in such a way that introduces pH in the equation pKa=pH-logIn-HIn (6-4) Equation (6-4) is commonly known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Employing both Beer’s Law and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation allows the analysis of a solution that contains two colored species, in this case, the acid and base forms of the indicator dye. The ratio [In–]/[HIn] at different pH values and at constant total dye concentration may be investigated using spectrophotometric methods through absorbance measurements. This technique involves the following: (a) Determination of the wavelengths ? HIn and ? In- at which the acid and base forms of the dye exhibit maximum absorption. (b) Determination of the absorptivities of both acid and base forms of the dye at ? HIn and ? In- using Beer’s Law. (c) Measurement of the absorbances of buffered solutions of the dye at ? HIn and ? In-. The buffered solutions can be taken to be mixtures of two independently absorbing species, HIn and In–, and hence, the absorbances are simply additive sums of the absorbances due to HIn and In–. This relationship is an extension of the Beer’s Law known as the Beer-Lambert’s Law, which can be interpreted in the subsequent equations: A=A? HIn+A? In- (6-5) A? HIn=a? HIn,HIn*HIn+a? HIn,In-*In-(6-6) A? In-=a? In-,HIn*HIn+a? In-,In-*In- (6-7) where A? HIn and A? In- are the absorbances of the dye solution at ? HIn and ? In-, respectively; and a? HIn,HIn , a? HIn,In- , a? In-,HIn , a? In-,In- are the absorptivities of HIn and In– at the wavelengths, ? HIn and ? In-, correspondingly. MATERIALS spectrophotometerindicator dyes (0. 08 g/L in 20% ethanol) pH meter0. 05 M and 0. 01 M HCl analytical balance0. 05 M and 0. 01 M borax (Na2B4O7†¢10H2O) solution 100 mL volumetric flasksbuffers solutions pipettesunknown sample PROCEDURE I. Spectra of the Acid and Base Forms of the Dye A. Preparation of Dye Solutions 1. Obtain the assigned dye solution from your laboratory instructor. . Prepare the acidic solution of your dye: a. Place 10 mL of 0. 05M HCl in a 100-mL volumetric flask. b. Add 10 mL of the dye to the HCl in the volumetric flask. c. Dilute to volume with distilled water. d. Mix well and set aside. 3. Prepare the basic solution of your dye using 0. 05M borax solution. B. Determination of the Wavelength of Maximum Absorbance (? max) 1. Measure the absorbances of the solutions prepared in Part A at 20-nm intervals within the 340 – 625 nm wavelength range. 2. Make measurements at smaller intervals within the vicinity of the wavelength of maximum absorption. . Record all data properly. 4. Identify the ? HIn and the ? In-. Important reminders: a. Zero (100% transmittance) the spectrophotometer against the blank every time a new wavelength of incident light is set. b. The blank should consist of the solvent including all the reagents other than the specific absorbant being analyzed. c. Wash the sample cuvette very thoroughly. Make sure to wash it with small portions of the test liquid prior to every measurement. d. Ensure that the optically clear faces of the cuvette are free from finger marks, stains ore drops of liquids. . Strive to keep the cuvette on the same position each time it is used. II. Determination of Molar Absorptivities A. Preparation of Dilute Solutions 1. Take 10, 25, and 40 mL aliquots of t he acidic solution prepared in Part IA and put into separate 50 mL volumetric flasks. 2. Dilute each solution to mark using 0. 01M HCl. 3. Repeat step 1 with the basic solution this time using 0. 01M borax solution for dilution. 4. Label the flasks. B. Absorbance Measurements at the (? max) 1. Measure the absorbances of the six solutions at the wavelengths of maximum absorption, ? HIn and the ? In-, which were determined in Part 1B. 2. Record all data properly. III. Determination of the pKa A. Preparation of Solutions at Various pH Levels 1. Prepare five solutions at various pH values but with constant total dye concentration by following the succeeding steps. 2. For each solution to be prepared, obtain 10 mL of the original dye solution and place into a 100 mL volumetric flask. 3. Dilute to the mark with the buffer solution. NOTES: e. The buffer system to be used should consist of a weak acid or weak base whose pKa value is within  ± 0. 0 unit of the desired pH value. f. The four pH values chosen should fall within the transformation range of the dye. g. Select the appropriate buffer for this range of pH values. B. Absorbance and pH Measurements 1. Measure the absorbances (at ? HIn and the ? In-) of each of the buffered solutions prepared in Part IIIA. 2. Determine the actual pH of the five solutions using a pH meter. 3. Record all data. Figure 6. 1. Sample absorption spectra of an indicator dye in (A) acidic solution, (B) basic solution, and (C) solution at intermediate pH. DATA ANALYSIS 4. Prepare a plot of the absorbance of the acid solutions against the wavelengths of maximum absorption, ? HIn and the ? In-. (See Figure 6. 1) Do the same for the basic solutions. 5. Overlay the plots and locate the isosbestic point. (Refer to Figure 6. 2) 6. Plot the absorbance against concentration of the dye in the basic and acidic solutions at ? HIn and the ? In-. 7. Using Beer-Lambert’s Law, derive the values of the absorptivities of the acid and base forms at the two wavelengths from the graphs obtained in #3. You should be able to derive four values: a? HIn,HIn (absorptivity of the acid form, HIn, at the ? HIn) a? HIn,In- (absorptivity of the base form, In–, at the ? HIn) a? In-,HIn (absorptivity of the acid form, HIn, at the ? In-) a? In-,In- (absorptivity of the base form, In–, at the ? In-) 8. Calculate the concentrations of the acid and base forms of the dye in the various buffered solutions using equations (6-6) and (6-7). 9. Use Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (6-4) to calculate the pKa of the dye. Determine the average pKa value. You might need to do regression analysis. Figure 6. 2. Plot of absorbance as a function of pH for an indicator dye. The isosbestic point is where the absorbance plot of the measurements made at ? HIn (I) crosses that of absorbance plot of the measurements made at ? In-(II). POSTLAB QUESTIONS 5. Discuss the principle behind the operation of a simple spectrophotometer. Use diagrams when deemed appropriate. 6. What are the assumptions and limitations of Beer’s Law? 7. What is the significance of the isosbestic point? REFERENCES BRAUN, R. D. 1982. Introduction to Chemical Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. BASSETT, J. et al. 1981. Vogels’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4th ed. New York: Longman. DANIELS, F. et al. 1970. Experimental Physical Chemistry, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. ALBERTY, R. A. and R. J. Silbey. 1992. Physical Chemistry, New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. APPENDIX If bromothymol blue (3,3- dibromo-thymolsulfonephthalein) is the dye to be used in the experiment, the following information is important: * At pH less than 6, the indicator is yellow and at pH greater than 7. , the indicator is blue. At an intermediate pH, the blue and yellow combine to yield a green solution. * The absorbance of a pH 6. 85 bromothymol blue solution was 0. 7333 at 430 nm and 0. 5690 at 555 nm. * The minimum absorbance at 430 nm was 0. 1320, and the minimum absorbance at 555 nm was 0. 0210. * The absorbance of a pH 1 solution of the same concentration of bromothymol blue was 1. 097 at 430 nm and the absor bance of a pH 13 solution of the same concentration of bromothymol blue was 1. 4280 at 555 nm.

Communication and motivational skills Essays

Communication and motivational skills Essays Communication and motivational skills Paper Communication and motivational skills Paper Motivation is big factor fair all levels and ages for example a child could have a completely different motivation from an adult. A big part of what motivates children is fairness in what they are doing Barnes, P (2002) where as an adult competitor might have a different motivation as winning the league or getting a bonus in there pay for playing well. But if you are able to find the different aspects that will motivate your group of individuals the best. To be effective at you role as a leader or coach you have to look at your team and decide which method of motivation to use. Barrett, J (1998) suggests that you have to either use the carrot or the stick. The carrot being giving your team praise and stick being shouting at them and making sure the person or team knows what they did wrong. And this is where you see good coaches excel, as they are able to separate when and at what time to use these two different types of motivation. When you look at what stops a person from being a successful leader there is many obstacles that a leader has to over come, such as Insincerity, favoritism, lack of Motivation, lack of recognition, poor response, or no response, lack of time Carling, W (1995) we see there that motivation or a lack of it is a reason that a leader will not be successful or even at least meet there potential. So to have the ability to motivate a team is vital without this attribute you will never be able lead a team to any effectiveness at all. Without this attribute the members of your team will be unable to reach there full potential without the proper motivation. Players respond differently when motivated without it they will look flat and work to the lowest of there capabilities. Without the motivation of your players you will never be an effective leader the people around you will just not reach there potential. When looking for the different contributes of a good leader it will always come back to motivation and communication of the leader. Throughout this essay we have seen the difference that having good communication can have on a leader. You see this in all the top leaders day in day out. We see could leaders in football such as the managers who are continually in communication with here players getting there views across and making sure that they are performing the tactics that they have set. Where as if you look at less successful managers such as Sunday league football you would see team coaches who are not communicated with the other players which is so important for success. Without this important communication it is almost certain that there will be no motivational qualities in the coach. We see the importance of a leader to be able to motivate his group so that they meet their targets. We see this in coaches he when there team maybe be down at half time he is able to take them to changing rooms and motivate his players into putting in better performances. This is a sign of an effective coach or leader. With a coach or leader who communicates will with the group of people you are able to see the confidence that a leader has from his group they will no that he is a could leader or coach and so will work at there best for him. We see these effective coaches or leaders everywhere you look when at school your teacher at school was a leader, your local coach can be an effective leader he my not look as good as those in the premiership but they can be just as effective as them with there team. So in looking at all of the effective leaders that there is in the world it is vital for them to have an appropriate level of communication and motivational skills.

Management Strategy and Decision Making Assignment

Management Strategy and Decision Making - Assignment Example s main focus was made on the increase of returns to the shareholders, the achievement of the Just Group strategy could be partially evaluated based on the dividends payout. Thus, in 2013 the company informed about annual dividends increase up to 38 cents per share. This increase has comprised 2% comparing with the dividends for 2012 (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). However, taking into consideration the fact that for 2009 it was declared that dividends were 75 cents per share, the company’s performance could be challenged. On the other hand, this performance could demonstrate strong financial position of the company as the global financial crisis might have had more adverse effects on the shareholder’s value. In order to achieve its strategy of increase of returns to the shareholders, the company has identified six strategic focus areas, such as: expansion and growth of the business through the internet up to 10% of sales; reinvigoration of the five key brands; organization-wide cost efficiency program; two phase gross margin expansion; significant growth of Peter Alexander; and significant growth of Smiggle brands (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). By reviewing the company’s performance results reported in 2013 it is possible to state the there has been made a substantial progress towards achievement of the above listed strategies. For example, the company has reported that its e-commerce activity has grown significantly. To achieve this result, there were launched 1day delivery program (within Australia) and mobile sites for all brands of the company. In terms of the growth margin expansion strategy, the company has also achieved significant results as gross margin has been expanded by 117 basis points in 2013 (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). Growth of Peter Alexander brand was also significant in FY 2013, as the total sales have exceeded 17%. Taking into consideration that in 2009 this brand comprised 7, 7% of

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America Essay

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America - Essay Example 2. Background of the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Initially, the United States did not take sides on the war in Vietnam. However, a series of global events provoked the United States into backing up France. This was after President Harry S. Truman promised to assist the French in sustaining their control in Indochina. Consequently, the United Sates got involved in Vietnam. Before the war, in one way or the other, the United States believed that it was in charge of maintaining order in the world. Among Harry Truman’s foreign policies was the policy to control communism and this was very evident in Southeast Asia. During Eisenhower’s administration, the United States continued to directly support the French in form of equipment, weapons and technical assistance. According to a report by Charles E. Wilson, who was the defense secretary during Eisenhower’s first term as president, millions of dollars were allocated to the French Union Forces, in addition to a program for regular Indochinese military assistance for equipment and weapons. Campagna states that â€Å"In September 1953, $385 million were allocated to the direct support of the French Union Forces and added to the $400 million previously appropriated for this purpose in the budget for fiscal year 1954† (3). ... This led to the transfer of these funds from assistance programs to other accounts of allotment. At the same time, a complete account of the amounts spent in Vietnam was demanded revealing the total dollars spent by the United States from 1953 to 1965. The cost of military personnel in Vietnam was not included in the accounts, as it was not clear how many dollars had been spent on this, despite the fact that between 1954 and 1961, the number of troops assigned to Vietnam had gradually increased (Campagna 5). The amounts in millions of dollars are shown in the following table: Fiscal Year Agency for International Development and other Agencies Public Law 480 (all titles) Total 1953-1957 783.9 39.4 823.3 1958 179.1 9.7 188.8 1959 200.6 6.5 207.1 1960 169.0 11.5 180.5 1961 132.6 12.0 144.6 1962 110.7 32.5 143.2 1963 133.2 64.3 197.5 1964 159.3 71.0 230.3 1965 216.1 52.8 268.9 Total 2084.5 299.7 2384.2 Source: Campagna, Anthony S., The Economic Consequences of the Vietnam War, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991, Print, table 1.1. At this time, it was difficult to determine whether the total amounts spent in Vietnam, with or without the personnel costs, would have an impact on the economy of the United States. In the 1950s, the economy of the United States underwent a period of stagnation with three recessions during Eisenhower’s administration reducing the economic growth rate of the nation to 2.4 percent (Campagna 5). During this era, the economic and technological growth of the Soviet Union was higher than that of the United States. This brought about charges as a result of the technology gap. The United States however closed this gap by establishing the National Aeronautics and Space

Correct the grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correct the grammar - Essay Example Additionally, the living room contains three tables. The first one is 2† X 2† and it is in the left side of the couch, the second one is in front of the couch with measurement of 7† X 5† X4† h. The third one is a TV table and it is in the front of the door, the table measuring 12† L X 3† W X 5† H. Between the window, which is in the opposite side of the door, and the TV table there is a Christmas tree measuring 5† X 5†. On the right side of the couch there will be the trashcan. The floor of the living room is furnished by half carpet and half wood. The interior walls are covered with decoration sheets, and the window is covered with a curtain. Based on the fuel, heat and oxygen, the fire will ignite and spread easily. The fire will start from the trashcan and will be spread by the wall decoration and the couch by the convection and conduction transfer of heat. However, most of the fuels are sitting horizontally so the fire will spread slowly because of the limited heat transfer, the air way opposite to the fuel (counter flow flame spread). Few minutes later the fire will get to the point of flame over, and then to the flash over, which will make the fire to spread because the smoke will spread all over the room, and by the heat transfer of radiation, which is coming from the smoke will ignite anything far away from the main fire. Additionally, the living room contains good ventilation so it is possible to have a back

Competition And Market Power Economics Essay

Competition And Market Power Economics Essay For a long period of time, De Beers has been successfully raising consumer demand for diamonds. The company is famous for its monopolistic policies during the last century, when it used its leading position to control the international diamond market. De Beers had a number of methods to ensure its control in the market: thus, it joined some independent manufacturers to its single channel monopoly, it pushed the manufacturers who refused to join the cartel out of the market by overfilling the market with diamonds, it bought and stored the diamonds of other producers in order to regulate the prices (De Beers Company). Pure monopoly means the conditions in the market, when only one company produces and sells a product that has no substitutes. The market access is limited and the company has complete control over prices. Thus, in pure monopoly, the market is dominated by a big enterprise-monopolist fully controlling the prices. Establishment of extremely high prices is restrained by the risks of a fall or a lack of consumer demand. Monopolist assesses demand and sets the price at a level that ensures the greatest return on investment (Larue, Gervais Pouliot, 2008). Monopolies are also public utilities, the services of which are used by any business. The existence of natural monopolies is justified by the fact that they best meet the public interest. In rural areas, such monopolies can be companies supplying agricultural machinery, chemical fertilizer, seed and breeder farms, businesses that provide repair services. The main features of monopoly are as follows (Larue, Gervais Pouliot, 2008): There is only one firm in the market, which affects the prices, adjusting the proposal; There are no identical products in the market; Controlling the market of raw materials in the industry, the company-monopoly excludes the emergence of new producers. Thus, the market of pure monopoly is the market of one seller. Most frequently, these are the governmental organizations, with the state monopoly able to solve various problems through pricing policies: To set a price below the cost for socially important goods to maintain their standard of living; To set a price covering the costs or providing a good income; To set a high price to reduce consumption. Returning to De Beers Company, for the last decade it has been undergoing changes turning into a more reliable company. A number of factors led to the necessity for transformation in the De Beers model (De Beers Company). In 2004 the company was declared guilty according to the 1994 accusation that De Beers had merged with General Electric to control the price of industrial diamonds; the company paid $10 million to the United States Department of Justice. Contemporary diamond industry is noticeably differs from that of the last decade, as it is now a complicated and continuously developing geopolitical notion. Today, apart from De Beers, the most important players in the diamond business are the African producer countries (e.g., Botswana and Namibia), Rio Tinto, Lev Leviev, BHP Billiton, Alrosa, Harry Winston, etc (De Beers Company). 3. Monopolistic Competition Luxury Watch Industry: Go to http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/05/watches/source/1.htm (Retrieved May 17, 2010). This is an interesting article on luxury watches. Click on the slide show in the upper right window (check out the prices!). Are these three firms participating in a monopolistically competitive market? What characteristics of the good make the market monopolistically competitive? Explain. A recent study by the Luxury Institute has determined the watches that are considered by the wealthy consumers to be the best out of the top 17 ultra luxury watch producers: Franck Muller, Vacheron Constantin and Audemars Piguet, Patek Philippe and Breguet, though Rolex and Cartier were most famous brands. Nowadays, even not so well-known watchmakers take an equal part in monopolistic competition with the world leaders (Business Week, 2010). The market with monopolistic competition is characterized by the following features (Yomogida, 2010): The presence of multiple buyers and sellers (the market consists of a large number of independent companies and customers), the number of which doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t exceed the one present in pure competition. Low barriers for the entry into the industry. This does not mean that it is easy to start a monopolistically competitive firm; such difficulties as problems with registration, patents and licenses are still present. To survive in the market in the long run, monopolistically competitive firms need to produce diverse, differentiated products, which differ from that is offered by competing firms. Moreover, products may differ from one another by one or several properties (e.g. chemical composition of watches); Buyers and sellers are perfectly informed about market conditions; Predominantly non-price competition; advertising of products is very important for the development. Companies of this type have a negative slope of the demand curve. In monopolistic competition, the output is set at the level of profit maximization (marginal revenue equals marginal cost). However, when deciding on the establishment of prices for products, a monopolistic competitor acts like a monopolist: the price for the goods is set at the highest possible level, i.e. at the level of the demand curve for products. Just as at the market of perfect competition, in monopolistic competition the firm relies on the value of the average total costs, deciding whether to remain in the industry or leave the market. Thus, if the company continued to suffer losses, it means that the average total production costs exceed the established price per unit, and the firm will leave the market in the long run. It should be noted that, since the monopolistic competitor is dynamic in the decision-making, it cannot effectively allocate resources, which leads to inefficiency of such firms in the long run. It is practically impossible to have a positive profit at the market of monopolistic competition in the long term (Yomogida, 2010). 4. Oligopoly The OPEC Oil Cartel Go to www.opec.org (Retrieved May 17, 2010). What are the organizations stated goals, which countries are members, and when was it founded? Is it normal for them to be successful in keeping oil prices high, or have they faced difficulties in keeping the cartel united in the past? The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel), established by oil-producing powers and including 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The aim of OPEC is to coordinate and develop a common policy with regard to oil production among members of the organization, maintaining stable oil prices, providing a stable supply of oil to consumers, and benefit from the investments in the oil industry (OPEC). OPEC members control about 2/3 of world oil reserves. Their share in the world oil makes 40%, or nearly the half of the world oil exports. At different periods of its history, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controlled from 25% to 60% of oil production in industrial countries (Hansen Lindholt, 2008). At the same time, the cartel represents a very unstable structure, based on collusion in order to establish a monopoly price in the market, which can be unsatisfactory for some members of the cartel; this finally leads to the violation of the cartel agreement. At first glance, the similarity of the cartel and monopoly is obvious. But the cartel very rarely (in contrast to the monopoly), controls the entire market, because the policy has to deal with non-cartelized enterprises. In addition, the cartel members have quite a powerful temptation to cheat their partners, reducing prices or actively promoting their product, which creates the conditions for the capture of the market (Hansen Lindholt, 2008). Failure to fully and consistently use the cartel for the interaction of oligopolistic firms is forcing them to conduct secret economic policy in price changes and in the delineation of the spheres of influence. Such cooperation may manifest itself in the form of price rigidity or leadership in price formation, and through special organizations such as patent pools. The rigidity of prices is the oligopolistic practice, when, even with changes in costs or demand, an organization is not inclined to change prices, believing that if it has to raise the price, others will follow, which will lead to loss of market share. In this way, the cartel stays away from changing prices due to the fear to unleash the war of prices. Leadership in prices means the practice, when the formation of prices for the product is focused on the prices set by the leader often dominant in this industry. This demonstrates the kind of implicit collusion, although its presence is usually not proven (BÃÆ' ¶ckem, 2004). Patent pools represent an agreement on specialization and cooperation of production, and the consortium the union of firms to conduct joint scientific research and joint construction of large investment projects. Both of these organizations perform cartel functions and are the basis for the organization of conspiracy to divide the market. Thus, the oligopoly is characterized by three features: there are two or more competing firms in the industry, so that the industry is not monopolized (OPEC and Russia relation); demand curve has a falling character, so the industry does not have rules of free competition; at least one large organization operates in the industry, any action of which causes a reaction of competitors (OPEC oligopolistic practices), so that there is no monopolistic competition (BÃÆ' ¶ckem, 2004).

Peyote Information :: essays research papers fc

Just a Drug? Throughout our entire lives we have always been told that drugs are bad. They have terrible consequences on our bodies, and can cause us to do things that we wouldn’t normally consent to do in a sober state. Drugs can have adverse and varying effects on people, but no matter what the drug is we have been made to believe that its use is bad. What if a drug was more than just a way to escape reality, or to feel good? Peyote is a drug that has had more than just physical use and meaning to people for over 400 years. It is used as a spiritual catalyst by many Native Americans, and is believed by them to cause a direct psychic link to God. People around the country have varying views on peyote use, but who can say that it is bad? If the drug does have bad effects on the body, Native Americans have surely accepted that as a reasonable tradeoff for the spiritual journey peyote brings. So is peyote as a drug, or it’s use in Native American religion, bad?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand and base an opinion on a religion that is centralized around a drug, you must first understand the drug itself. Peyote is a small, round cactus that grows in the southern US and Mexico. Rather than spines or spikes, peyote has fuzzy tufts that stuck out from it’s edges. Only about an inch of the cactus is viewable above ground, with the majority of it being the deeply buried, carrot-like root structure. The small portion that is above ground is harvested, and is referred to as the peyote â€Å"button†. It is consumed either freshly cut, or dried, and has some extreme effects on the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of peyote are quite strong, and cause an array of feelings and emotional perceptions. According to www.xs4all.nl; â€Å"†¦ There is a feeling of strange intoxication and shifting consciousness with minor perceptual changes. There may also be strong physical effects, including respiratory pressure, muscle tension (especially face and neck muscles), and queasiness or possible nausea†¦ After this the state of altered consciousness begins to manifest itself†¦..among the possible occurences are feelings of inner tranquility, oneness with life, heightened awareness, and rapid thought flow†¦these effects will deepen and become more visual. Colors may become more intense. Halos and auras may appear about things. Objects

Once Upon a time x constant image of your face

Guilt is a common feeling that humans feel when they have done something wrong. The poets Gabriel Okra and Dennis brutes both express this feeling of guilt in their personae backgrounds. Therefore, okra's â€Å"Once upon a Time† and brute's â€Å"It is the Constant Image of Your Face† are poems portrayed with guilt, but they show it in different situations. The body of both poems have a specific situation happening. In the poem â€Å"Once upon a Time† the persona wishes to be young again an forget all the lessons he has taught himself.He admits of having to put on a â€Å"mask â€Å"depending on who he is in company with, however he wishes to return to his childhood days when he would laugh a honest laughter. The persona speaks to his son about the times when people WOUld Seem to be sincere and caring when dealing with one another. In the poem â€Å"It is the Constant Image of Your Face† the persona chooses his woman over his county. The persona looks at his love for his country along with his mistress and the heartbreak that is inflicted with his choices.The persona admits that they cannot make excuses for his mistress does not take precedence over the personae country, however he still commits treason against his country by being seduced by his mistress's beauty and protection. The persona hopes that his country' will forgive him for choosing his mistress. In both the poems the personae give a feeling of guilt in their events. In the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time† the poet creates contrast be;en â€Å"heart† and â€Å"faces†. â€Å"Hearts† suggest a deep honest feeling and emotion.Thus, when people shook hands â€Å"with their hearts†, their emotion was true and real. However, when they laugh ‘With their teeth†, not with their eyes. This suggests that the eyes are like the windows of the soul thus letting us see how a person truly feels. In the second poem, â€Å"It is the Constant Im age of Your Face† the persona reflects on the image of someone he cares for. The persona admits that both him and his mistress can â€Å"plead excuses† for his behavior because the woman does not take precedence over his country. He is also feeling guilt and sadness because of what he has done.He has committed treason against his country and he hopes his country will pardon him because of his love for his country and woman. The two poems show contrast through literary devices. Personifications and oxymoron are used by the poets in their poems. In the poem ‘it is the Constant Image of Your Face' the phrase ‘heart's Treachery' is an oxymoron used.

How To Choose The Right Career Beeing a Student

How To Choose The Right Career Beeing a Student Questions to Ask as You Decide Which Career Is Right for You Growing up, we face a really heart-rending issue, which can be formulated in one simple question how to choose the right career. While some people make a decision to start their career during study years, others go with the flow and take into consideration the job issue after graduation. The fact is that sooner or later but the moment of choosing a career in inevitable in each persons life. In case you feel irresolute what path to follow, there is a list of questions to ask as you decide which career is right for you: What brings you pleasure? This means that it is the time to look deep into your soul and define or discover your dreams, passions, and interests. What activities, books, movies, people make you feel happy or satisfied, what set of skills do you possess, what are the strong and weak points of your character, what would you like to achieve or what do you expect from yourself? It is not stupid to focus on your dreams and passions as even the most, at the first sight, the unattainable dream can come true if you know how to formulate it, divide it into smaller achievable real time-measured objectives. The problem of the career choice is the reason for our neglectful attitude to ourselves. It is much easier to find your labor of love if you know exactly who and what you are. What is your professional focus? The presence of motivation while completing certain tasks is crucial in a sense of personal and professional growth. Depending on whether you are more promotion or prevention oriented type of person, choose a career path that matches your ambitions. On the one side, both promotion and maintenance of your professional status do matter. However, try determining what you are more inclined to in order to choose the right direction, the field of job and be satisfied with your decision. For example, promotion-oriented employees are characterized as people, who have quick abstract thinking, work fast, measure the achieved goals by the number of rewards, though, are usually error-prone. Whereas, prevention-oriented employees are advocates of stability, security and often excel at an analytic way of thinking, keeping an eye on details, thorough planning, though, work slowly and find it difficult to get accustomed to the changes. What type of personality are you? is another question to ask as you decide which career is right for you. Why is it important? First of all, in order not to hurt your inner world or make you feel uncomfortable because of the unfavorable conditions of job and the working surrounding. Are you more an introvert or extrovert? Define whether such aspects as crowded offices, constant interaction with your colleagues and other people, tasks in a team make you feel embarrassed or uneven or vice versa you are attracted to such a busy working routine and cant stand quiet, isolated working environment. Does your lifestyle match your career choice? Before choosing a career compare your present lifestyle with the one you will have as soon as you will get hired by an employer. Does it meet your expectations or does it deprive you of private life, time for yourself and family? Do you have time to rest or there is no difference between working and non-working hours? Of course, it takes some time to get used to a new job position and at first, work may take more of your free time. However, make sure it doesnt occupy all your day and you dont turn into slave unless you feel O.K. with such a lifestyle. Decide where would you like to reside? The place you want to stay and live usually plays an important role while making job decisions and helps in actually conducting a career search. Have you been dreaming about rural or metropolitan lifestyle? Do you accept the probability of resettlement provided by the contract of your work or, probably, living in your hometown is the priority? As you see your attitude to the location of work belongs to the list of factors that should be taken into consideration while answering the question how to choose the right career. Remember that we are far away from the times when it was common to make a lifelong career choice. Nowadays, there are ample opportunities for both personal and career development, so your aim is to figure out what you want, weight all the pros and cons of the working conditions, detect your hidden talents and desires, set priorities and choose the right career path! To do this, try to understand your needs and preferences in order not to regret your choice.

The Bushido Code

The Bushido Code The Samurai's Tale, a book written by Erik Haugaard, portrays a perspicuous image of Japanese society in Medieval Japan. The Bushido Code, a code of conduct which stresses 6 values and is followed by all samurai, plays an important role in this book. The most prominent of these values are loyalty, courage, and honor.To begin with, loyalty, or being faithful to one's lord, is an important value because it strengthens a lord's rule over his lessers. "Your lord is like your father, you must follow him wherever he leads," (p.119) Wada Kansuke pointed out to Taro. Even though Taro may sometimes disagree with Lord Akiyama, he should still remain loyal to him. In a like manner, Lord Akiyama thought that Katsuyori wasn't as skilled as his father, but he remains loyal to Katsuyori because he was Takeda Shingen's son. Even though Lord Akiyama disagrees with Katsuyori, he follows his orders so the Takeda generals will not fight amongst themselves trying to become the next ruler of the Takeda.ta ro dares you to take his beloved stickIn addition, the ronin bandit was very loyal to Lord Obu in spite of his lord's revolt against Takeda Shingen. "I serve Lord Obu and no-one else," (p.116) the ronin bandit objected when Taro suggested that he should join Lord Akiyama. Although joining Lord Akiyama could save his life, the ronin refused because of his loyalty to Lord Obu. Loyalty is what unites the Takeda and other tribes from the lowly peasant to the powerful general.Courage is equally important since it is what enables the samurai to fight each other on the battle field or there would be no fighting because the samurai wouldn't be brave enough to risk their lives. Throughout The Samurai's Tale, Taro shows bravery by doing several remarkable feats. "Fate cheated me of...

Chinese Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Chinese Businesses - Essay Example Over the centuries, these socio-economic affiliations helped ties the Chinese and Filipino in a strong spirit of affinity. In the 21st century, mutual trade and investments provide a solid pillar in the long-standing, friendly relations between the two nations (Philippine Embassy Beijing 2004). In Singapore, there was a phenomenal influx of Chinese migrants during the nineteenth century. Multitudes of Chinese migrants filled the island for commerce and work with the institution of Singapore as a colony of Britain in 1819 (Ee 1961). During this time, secret societies emerged that Chinese migrants became associated with. These secret societies contributed to the development of Chinese businesses in Singapore in early days. Chen (2001) narrated that around 60 million Chinese people have built communities in countries other than China. They cover a range of ethnic and linguistic subdivisions bound by their common origin, and are collectively known as the Overseas Chinese (Weidenbaum 1996). Although rather small in terms of the entire population of their host countries, they play a vital role in the economic setting of South East Asia, where they dominate a majority of the firms' wealth in the region (Yeung, 1996). According to Tsang (2002 p. ... Most of them are into small and medium enterprises; however, play a significant role in the economy of the Philippines. Some of these entrepreneurs hold large companies and are valued as some of the most well-known Philippine' business tycoons. According to Wong (1985), the traditional Chinese family business (CFB) is "a small-scale, domestically oriented, form of business organization that originated in China several hundred years ago and was dispersed throughout South East Asia by emigrating Chinese minorities in the 19th and 20th centuries". Shapiro and Erdener (2003) modernly called them as the Chinese family enterprise (CFE) in which they defined as "the larger, internationally active, family-owned Overseas Chinese enterprise that evolved from the traditional CFF outside China". Yeung (1999, pp.106-11) narrated that some of CFB turned into CFE that have become famous international conglomerates are Fortune Tobacco under Lucio Tan in the Philippines and the Far East Organization under Ng Teng Fong in Singapore. "Among the Overseas Chinese, family business was evolving in new directions that deviated from tradition and paved the way for international expansion". As they internationally expand, CFEs typically created powers and capabilities in their host markets as the basis for competitive advantages in the foreign country environment. In some South East Asian countries where ethnic discrimination is at large by the dominant cultural group, the CFB expanded their business network beyond the family. This led them to form unions with national governments. The main advantages of the CFE based on characteristics over other form of business structures are listed below. According to Chen (1995), the main lead of the CFE is its capacity to grab commercial portals of

Case Study Paper 1- Nickel and Dimed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study Paper 1- Nickel and Dimed - Essay Example While elaborating the reasons, the writer submits to state that since an overwhelming majority of the labor class is neither educated nor skilled, it has to bear the brunt of not seeking any technical skills and abilities. Consequently, they have to stick to odd jobs, where neither their experience is counted to be referred in some other employment, nor they are admired and appreciated by the management and administration against the services they render for their work places and organizations as well. Moreover, since they find no other job opportunities, they cannot raise their voice against the cruelties inflicted upon them by the management. The middle order management is also a great hurdle on the way to the workers’ progress. Hence, unpleasant and untoward behavior displayed by the administration paves the way towards the financial ruin of the labor class. While analyzing the challenges faced by the lower class community, the novelist is of the opinion that one single job is not enough to fulfill the growing financial needs of the lower class. It is therefore, the individuals belonging to the labor division has to get involved into different jobs in order to make their both ends meet. Both such jobs are so painstaking, tedious and excruciating that the individuals find themselves physically exhausted and almost retarded due to the heavy burden of jobs, which neither brings smile on their faces, nor they earn any sort of applaud or financial jump in return to the hard efforts they make while performing their obligations from dawn to dusk. The writer appears to be astonished to note that the working class does not attain complete diet even once a day; even then they are bound to show extraordinary performance by cleansing several tables, floors, rooms and washrooms of hotels and restaurants as well as attend and serve the