Cargo Vessel Size Classifications

Cargo shipping is a low-margin business model that requires vessels to be fully loaded in order to sustain profitable operations. When a ship is in the design phase its almost always structured in a specific classification of naval architecture and built to serve a specific route or purpose. Measuring Terminology Vessels built to pass through specific bottlenecks while carrying the maximum amount of cargo are termed â€Å"max.† (For example, freighters designed to pass through the Panama Canal are called Panamax.) This means the ship will fit into a minimum bounding box that matches the dimensions of the smallest locks in the canal. Bounding boxes are measured three-dimensionally. In addition to maximum length and width, the measurements include areas underwater and above the deck. In maritime-specific cases, the dimensions of a bounding box have some different but still familiar names: Draft is the measurement from the surface of the water to the bottom.The beam is the width of a vessel at its widest point.Length is measured as the overall length of a ship, however, in some cases, maximum dimensions might take into consideration the length at the waterline which can differ significantly from length overall (LOA) due to the deadrise of the hull.Air Draft is the measure of the maximum height above the waterline of any structure on the ship.Gross Tonnage (GT) and Dead Weight Tonnage (DWT), while thought by many to be measures of weight, are more accurately described as measures of the volume of a vessel’s hull. Weight only factors in when an equivalent weight of water displaced by the hull must also be expressed. Ship Size Classification Definitions Most of these definitions pertain to cargo vessels but they can be applied to any kind of ship, including military and cruise ships. Aframax—This classification almost always refers to oil tankers, although its occasionally applied to other bulk commodities. These vessels serve oil-producing areas with limited port resources or where man-made canals lead to terminals that load raw petroleum products. The size limitations in this class are few. The main restriction is the beam of the vessel, which in this case cannot exceed 32.3 Meters or 106 feet. The tonnage of an Aframax is approximately 120,000 DWT. Capesize—This is an example in which the naming scheme varies but the sizing concept is the same. Capesize vessels are large bulk carriers and tankers that get their name from the route they must take to bypass the Suez Canal. Depending on the ships final destination, this route takes them past the Cape of Good Hope in Africa or Cape Horn of South America. A Capesize ship is limited by the depth of the Suez Canal which is currently 62 feet or about 19 meters. The displacement of these vessels can range from 150,000 to as much as 400,000 DWT. The soft geology of the region has allowed the canal to be dredged to a greater depth since it was first built, and its possible the canal will be dredged again in the future. As a result, the maximum draft limit of classification may change as well. Chinamax—The Chinamax classification is determined by the size of port facilities rather than by physical obstructions or limitations associated with a specific waterway. As a result, the term is not only applied to ships, but also to port facilities themselves. Ports that can accommodate these very large vessels are referred to as Chinamax compatible, whether or not theyre anywhere near China. They must meet the draft requirements of dry bulk carriers in the 350,000 to 400,000 DWT range while not exceeding 24 meters or 79 feet of draft, 65 meters or 213 feet of beam, and 360 meters or 1,180 feet of overall length. Malaccamax—For naval architects designing this class of ship, the main restriction is the draft of the vessel. The Strait of Malacca has a depth of 25 meters or 82 feet so ships of this class must not exceed that depth at the lowest point of the tidal cycle. Vessels serving this route can gain capacity in the design phase by increasing beam and length at the waterline in order to carry a greater capacity in a limited draft situation. Panamax—Panamax was once the most commonly recognized ship classification due to its derivation from the world-famous Panama Canal. Panamax size limitations are 294 meters or 965 feet in length, 32 meters or 106 feet of beam, 12 meters or 39.5 feet of draft, and 58 meters or 190 feet of air draft so vessels can pass under the Bridge of the Americas. The Panama Canal opened in 1914. By 1930, there were already plans to enlarge the locks to allow the passage of larger vessels. In 2014, construction for a third larger set of locks that went into operations in 2016, ushered in a new class of vessels called New Panamax. New (Neo) Panamax—New Panamax has size limitations of 366 meters or 1,200 feet in overall length, 49 meters or about 160 feet of beam, and a draft of 15 meters or 50 feet. The air draft remains the same to accommodate passage under the Bridge of the Americas, which is now the main limiting factor for large vessels passing through the canal. Seawaymax—This class of vessels is designed to achieve the maximum size for passage through the Saint Lawrence Seaway inbound or outbound from the Great Lakes system. The locks of the Seaway are the limiting factor in this classification. The Saint Lawrence can accommodate ships no larger than 225.5 meters or 740 feet of overall length, about 24 meters or 78 feet of beam, about eight meters or 26 feet of draft, and an air draft of 35.5 meters or 116 feet above the water. Larger vessels that operate on the Great Lakes are unable to reach the sea due to a bottleneck at the locks. Suezmax—The dimensions of the Suez Canal are the limiting factor for the size of ships in this class. Since there are no locks along the one-hundred-plus miles of the canal, the only limitations are draft and air draft. The canal has a useful draft of 19 meters or 62 feet. Vessels are limited by the height of the Suez Canal Bridge that has a clearance of 68 meters or 223 feet. Supermax/Handymax—Once again this class of ships is not restricted by a specific set of locks or bridges, but instead, it refers to cargo capacity and the ability to use ports. Ports are often designated to be Supermax or Handymax compatible. As the name implies, Supermax is the largest of the vessel classifications, with a size of around 50,000 to 60,000 DWT and can be as long as 200 meters or 656 feet. Handymax vessels are slightly smaller and have a displacement of 40,000 to 50,000 DWT. Such ships are usually at least 150 meters or 492 feet. Source Maritime Connector Website

Is Drug Treatment a Viable Alternative to Prison Time Essay

Prisons and county jails are extremely over populated, so over populated that in some jails inmates are sleeping on the floors. According to Senator Jeanne Shaheen (From Senator Jeanne Shaheen: Prison Overcrowding, 2011), the federal prisons are currently 35 percent over their capacity. The overcrowding is costing the criminal justice system and taxpayers more money to transfer inmates to other facilities and in lawsuits brought by inmates against the prisons. With the prisons and county jails facing major overcrowding issues and drug treatment programs being a viable alternative to prison time, more states need to be implementing drug / treatment programs. Treatment / Drug Courts are specialized courts to help stop drug, alcohol, and†¦show more content†¦Some experts believe that the Drug / Treatment Courts and diversion programs utilizing alternatives to prison time is the reason for the decline in prison population. According to Judge Vito P. Geroulo (Schillinger, 201 0), the national decline might be a sign that other areas are starting to use treatment courts†¦ However, according to Todd Berry, president of the Wisconsin Taxpayer Alliance (Hrodey, 2011), the reduction of prison population may be due to changing demographics in Wisconsin. The changing demographics might be playing a role in the decreasing prison population in Wisconsin; on the other hand, this is not the only factor playing a role in the decrease. The U.S. Department of Justice is reporting the local government prison population has declined 2.3 percent from June 2008 to June 2009 (Schillinger, 2010). Therefore, prison population is decreasing in the United States as a whole, not just in one state. In the United States today, there are many budget and funding cuts, utilizing Drug / Treatment Courts are a more cost effective way of sentencing, saving the criminal justice system and taxpayers money. The average daily cost of Drug court/Treatment Court is 72 percent to 80 percent less than other traditional sentencing options (Brogdon, 2010). Utlizing Drug / Treatment Courts can save the criminalShow MoreRelatedRehabilitation vs Incarceration1515 Words   |  7 Pagesthink that is the big problem about the prison system: These people are being thrown away. There is no sense of rehabilitation. In some places, they are trying to do things. But, in most cases, it is a holding cell.† (Tergeson, 2002) He speaks the truth. Those incarcerated today are not given the chance to change their behavior patterns, especially when it is in regard to drug addiction. The criminal justice system in general does not consider drug abuse as anything but a crime and does notRead MoreIncarceration Of The United States908 Words   |  4 Pagesthere were 1,574,700 people serving time in state and federal penitentiaries (Carson, 2014, p.1). This alarming number gives reason for the need of alternatives to incarceration. Avoiding imprisonment does not translate to a lenient punitive sentence for the alternatives can just as easily repair harms to the victims, provide benefits to the community, treat the drug addicted, and rehabilitate offenders (FAMM, 2013, p.1). The use of programs that offer an alternative to incarceration can reduce the amountRead MoreThe Flaws of Incarceration in America Essay1366 Words   |  6 Pagesthan any other country. America is responsible for a quarter of the world’s inmates, and it s incarceration rate is growing exponentially. The expense generated by these overcrowded prisons cost the country a substantial amount of money every year. While people are incarcerated for a number of reasons, the country’s prisons are focused on punishment rather than reform, and the result is a misguided system that fails to rehabilitate criminals or discourage crime. The ineffectiveness of the United States’Read MoreThe Three Strikes Law : Narrowing1336 Words   |  6 Pagesbroken† attitude (Sutton 1). However, what may not be completely broken still needs a major renovation, especially when it comes to non-person felonies, specifically drug related crimes. Drug related crimes, still a part of the Three Strikes Law in many states come with a multitude of issues, yet I believe offering some sort of treatment option will prevent excess costs that follow the Three Strikes Law, and perhaps even prevent further crimes from happening. In order to present the best case, I willRead MoreEssay The War on Drugs1347 Words   |  6 PagesWAR ON DRUGS Abstract Because of the war on drugs, prison overcrowding is vastly becoming a problem of astronomical proportion, putting a strain not only on the system of law enforcement, but on citizens as well. With studies in DNA and other forensic sciences that can pin point with exact precision the perpetrator of a crime; more and more criminal offenders are being caught, tried, and imprisoned for the crimes they have committed. Many of these crimes are initiated by the use of drugs, suchRead MoreEssay about The Growth of Adult Corrections in the United States1472 Words   |  6 Pagesmajorities are non-violent offenders. In â€Å"U.S. Prison Population Dwarfs that of Other Nations,† Adam Liptak states â€Å"The United States has, for instance, 2.3 million criminals behind bars, more than any other nation, according to data maintained by the International Center for Prison Studies at Kings College London.† Americans are arrested for things as minor as using drugs or writing a bad check. Residing someone to a prison should be our last alternative because it’s costly and can raise risk forRead MoreDrug Courts And The Criminal Justice System1506 Words   |  7 PagesDrug courts are considered to be one of the most successful innovations to be implemented in the criminal justice system. It was first implemented during the height of the drug war hysteria and the long epidemic of the skyrocketing rates of incarceration. According to the Bureau of Justice Assistance (2010), drug courts are a â€Å"specially designed court docket, whose purpose is to achieve a reduction in recidivism and substance abuse among nonviolent substance abusing offenders and to increase theRead MoreOpiate Addiction1214 Words   |  5 Pagesto be a viable solution here, but where does one start? Simply, the addict should be aided with fundamental assistance and training to begin to assimilate, and society at large should be helped to better understand and foster an attitude of understanding and patience based on education that is not fear-based; as has historically been the case. Analogously, this is best summarized by saying, â€Å"The public’s general lack of accurate information about drugs has led to irrational fears about drug use andRead MoreArticle Report On Overcrowding Of Prison Overcrowding1074 Words   |  5 Pages Clark, Charles S. Prison Overcrowding. CQ Researcher 4 Feb. 1994: 97-120. Web. 26 Mar. 2016. This article discusses overcrowding in the United States prison system, due in part to mandatory prison sentences. Additionally, this article also discusses the challenges in managing the overpopulation of prisons and gives an objective look at solutions, to include building more prisons, to combat overcrowding. While the author does not include information about himself and his qualifications, hisRead More Drugs Essay1467 Words   |  6 Pagestypical politicians are afraid to address is that of what to do with the nation’s illegal drug problems. Although we hear terms like quot;The War on Drugsquot; and quot;Drug Treatmentquot;, a fresh approach to this issue is needs to come soon. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The country should take a new look at drug legalization as a solution to a problem that has been long out of control. Addiction and drug abuse are such â€Å"buzzwords† these days that a clarification is needed of what is meant by

Psychology of law Free Essays

Even though psychological region is the primary cause of police-induced false confessions, individuals differ In their ability to withstand interrogation pressure and thus in their susceptibility to making false confessions. All other things being equal, those who are highly suggestible or compliant are more likely to confess falsely. Interrogative suggestibility tends to be heightened by sleep deprivation, fatigue, and drug or alcohol withdrawal. We will write a custom essay sample on Psychology of law or any similar topic only for you Order Now Individuals who are highly compliant tend to be conflict avoidance, acquiescent, and eager to please others, especially authority figures. With these coercive tactics, the police play on these weaknesses and pray on the Individuals. This is a problem even if the individual is in fact guilty but is much more of a problem when the individual is innocent and gives a false confession. Authorities. Researchers and the media have focused a growing awareness of incidences of coerced false confessions, as well as the associated personal and legal implications involved. The Innocence Project, a non-profit legal clinic that assists those wrongfully convicted of crimes, claims that 8% of wrongful convictions are due o forced confessions prompted by police. Consequently, measures have been taken to try and reduce their frequency. There are many aspects in which coercive tactics are problematic but for the sake of this essay I will focus solely on its leading to false confessions. In the past two decades, hundreds of convicted prisoners have been exonerated by DNA and non-DNA evidence, revealing that police-induced false confessions are a leading cause of wrongful conviction of the innocent. Although the prevalence rate is unknown, recent analyses reveal that 20 to 25% of prisoners exonerated by DNA had confessed to police. In the Central Park Jogger case, for example, all five Juveniles falsely confessed after lengthy unrecorded Interrogations In which they were yelled at, lied to, threatened, and promised Immunity In exchange for their admissions to participating in the assault and rape. In 15 to 20 percent of the DNA cases, police-induced false confessions were the primary cause of the wrongful conviction. Once detectives misclassifying an innocent person as a guilty suspect, they often subject him to an customarily interrogation. Getting a confession becomes particularly I OFF profile cases in which there is great pressure on police detectives to solve the crime, there is no other source of potential evidence to be discovered, and typically there is no credible evidence against an innocent but misclassified suspect. It is perhaps not surprising that most documented false confessions occur in homicides and high- profile cases. In these cases the police have the capability of being very coercive, which in turn can cause false confessions. Once the interrogation commences, the primary cause of police-induced false confession is psychologically coercive police ethos. Psychological coercion can be defined in two ways: police use of interrogation techniques that are regarded as inherently coercive in psychology and law, or police use of interrogation techniques that, cumulatively, cause a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the interrogators’ demands. Usually these amount to the same thing. Psychologically coercive interrogation techniques include some examples, such as deprivations (of food, sleep, water, or access to bathroom facilities), incommunicado interrogation, and induction of extreme exhaustion and fatigue. In the modern era, however, these techniques are rare in domestic police interrogations. Instead, when today’s police interrogators employ psychologically coercive techniques, they usually consist of (implicit or express) promises of leniency and threats of harsher treatment. As Offset and Leo have written, â€Å"the modern equivalent to the rubber hose is the indirect threat communicated through pragmatic implication†. Threats and promises can take a variety of forms, and they are usually repeated, developed, and elaborated over the ours of the interrogation. Most documented false confessions in recent decades have been directly caused by or have involved promises or threats. Another form of psychological coercion, causing a suspect to perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the wishes of the interrogator, is not specific to any one technique but may be the cumulative result of the interrogation methods as a whole. If one understands the psychological structure and logic of contemporary interrogation, it is not difficult to see how it can produce this effect. The custodial environment and hysterical confinement are intended to isolate and disembowel the suspect. Interrogation is designed to be stressful and unpleasant, and it is more stressful and unpleasant the more intense it becomes and the longer it lasts. Interrogation techniques are meant to cause the suspect to perceive that his guilt has been established beyond any conceivable doubt, that no one will believe his claims of innocence, and that by continuing to deny the detectives’ accusations he will only make his situation (and the ultimate outcome of the case against him) much worse. The suspect may perceive that he has no choice but to comply with the detectives’ wishes, because he is fatigued, worn down, or simply sees no other way to escape an intolerably stressful experience. Some suspects come to believe that the only way they will be able to leave is if they do what the detectives say. Others comply because they are led to believe that it is the only way to avoid a feared outcome (e. G. , homosexual rape in prison). When a suspect perceives that he has no choice but to comply, his resultant compliance and confession are, by definition, involuntary and the product of coercion. How to cite Psychology of law, Papers

Engineering Philosophy

Question: Discuss about the Engineering Philosophy. Answer: Introduction. Engineering philosophy is the study that elaborates what engineering entails, the function of engineers and the importance that their functions impact the society. Asbestos occurs naturally and it is recognized for its wide range of uses (Bucciarelli, 2003). It is mainly known for its ability to resist heat, ability to be easily malleable, it is ability to resist heat conductivity, and it has been used in production of fire proof vests and in construction of buildings. Asbestos has been banned in many countries due to its ill effect when people are exposed to it. Engineers ought to have determined the effect of asbestos before utilizing it. It is morally wrong to utilize a product that is known to cause ill effect to people (Cherry, 1998). Asbestos has been known to cause diseases when inhaled. It is not morally acceptable to use materials that affect the health of people who are exposed to asbestos. Inhaled asbestos take a relatively long period of time to be noticed. When inhaled, they cause inflammation in the lungs and scarring. Other diseases known to be caused by asbestos include: asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma and pleural plaques (Castleman, 2005). Asbestos causes inflammation of the lungs when inhaled, it leads to shortness of breath, exposed persons suffer from prolonged coughs and exposure over a long period of time leads to the damage of the lungs. Exposure to asbestos causes development of carcinogenic tumors in the lining of the lungs. The engineers in the construction industry have to act and stop the utilization of products containing asbestos. The government ought to ban any products that are tested and proved to contain asbestos in them. Exposure to asbestos in the long run leads to death of loved ones (Scheberle, 2004). It causes the economy to be poor as there will be decreased manpower as the exposed will be weak to work. Resources will be used in the treatment of loved ones and this will lead to straining of the available resources. Stakeholders in asbestos industry function to control the effect of the compound in the environment. They function in the provision of safety control measures and the enforcement of the national strategic plan of the country. The asbestos safety and eradication council functions to ensure that there is no health related hazard that will affect persons while in their occupational areas (Sato, 2010). The research advisory committee functions to prove the existing effect of asbestos in the environment. They ascertain that the said issues are related to asbestos. International partners function by offering insight on the dangers that face humans when exposed to asbestos (Miyamoto, 2011). Moral values that are involved include: being caring- This entails that the engineers ought to be ethical in their work so as to avoid harming others while performing their functions. Taking personal responsibility as an epistemic value, persons that produce materials that contain the asbestos ought to be held accountable for their actions (Mumford, 1981). Appealing- this value incorporates the aesthetic value that should accompany a product by being efficient causing no harm to people. The values discussed above are related. Taking personal responsibility is an instrumental value as it incorporates the human values such as empathy, respect and being honest truthful and trustworthy. Appealing is an intrinsic value as it does not incorporate other values. Epistemic value is instrumental as it incorporates other factors that are derived from literature. There is no value conflict between the epistemic, aesthetic and ethical values that govern the usage of asbestos (Blackwell, 2000). In other countries, the ban of asbestos has not been effected. This can lead to contamination of other regions in case one gets to move from one region carrying the asbestos. This will lead to development of illnesses in the countries that have banned its usage. Options available. Ensure that the asbestos containing materials (ACM) have been identified and a management action is stipulated according to the environmental regulations. Work that is likely to interfere with the underlying structure containing asbestos should be stopped immediately until adequate preventive measures are employed to prevent the employees from being exposed to asbestos (Oliver, 2015). Evaluate and monitor to determine any deformity that could have occurred on the asbestos and employ a corrective measure to control the effects of the exposed asbestos. Come up with policies that will regulate the handling of asbestos containing materials in the work place. Undertake risk assessment on the asbestos containing materials so that mitigation measures can be employed in case of a hazard. Acquire a semi-permanent plan that will cater for the directions that will be followed in the handling of the asbestos materials and employ control measures that will monitor the management action plan in th e mitigation strategies against the asbestos. Ethical evaluation. Each individual is tasked to ensure that the environmental they are in is well taken care so as to control the effects of asbestos if they are available. This entails proper identification of items containing asbestos and laying of a proper framework to manage it. This aims at protecting the health of other employees and the general public. Work that is likely to interfere with the fabric of the asbestos has to be carried out with much care (Phil, 2010). Work permits must be specific in case the employees will be exposed to asbestos, determining individuals who will monitor the work, identifying the methods that will be used in handling the ACM and ensuring that individuals occupying places that contain asbestos are well trained in the maintenance. Control measures should come in handy in handling asbestos effect in the environment. Utilitarianism is described as illustrating happiness and consequentialism. This theory depicts that factors that can lead to happiness are good. Things that contribute to happiness have utility. Factors that differentiate good and evil are based on the happiness of a person and the happiness of the community. Consequentialism is described as the judgement that an individual faces due to his or her actions that led to happiness. Happiness and freedom become limited if they affect the happiness and freedom of other people and the community (Hao, 1997). The principle of utility from Benthams view entails: the total happiness of individuals in a society defines the good, good in the society is achieved by upholding morality, if a principal that is moral is able to achieve the good for the society, then it is perfect and adherence to the moral principles by determining the pleasures and the pains, then the good of the society is achieved. Kantianism theory is based on how right or wrong is an action that was done by an individual compared to how right or wrong were the consequences of the action that had been undertaken. The Kantianism theory is an illustration of the deontological moral theory. Its first conceptualization states that "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it should become a universal law [of nature]." Contractualism theory is described that an action is wrong if the process that was used to undertake the action does not conform to principles that govern the behavior that is not morally right. Contractualism is based on the reasoning of an individual and the factors that led the person to do a particular act (Peter, 2005). Contractualism accounts for the standards that morality sets in the society and factors that determine the rightness and wrongness. Virtue ethics stresses on the need of an individual to poses a character that is morally acceptable as compared to a virtue that is attributed to one performing his or her duties so as to enhance positive consequences (Peter, 2005). This theory emphasizes on nurturing good traits from an early stage. Care ethics involves people upholding good relationships between the care givers and receivers so as to maintain the world for all. Assessment is important so as to determine if the environment is exposed to the asbestos containing materials. This will lead to development of policies to manage the presence of asbestos so as to prevent its effects on humans. Reflection The theories agree on intuition and common sense as they are guided by principles that bring out the good for the individuals and the society. The theories agree on the available options for action. One is responsible for the consequences that befall him or her for the actions that they undertook. The principles guide that the actions should bring happiness both to the individual and the community and if it interferes with the happiness of an individual or a community, then the action was inappropriate. If an individual decides to contaminate the environment by improperly handling asbestos, the individual ought to be responsible for the consequences that befall him or her. Ethical conflicts can be resolved by ensuring that the common principles ensure that actions undertaken bring happiness to both the individual and the society. Ethical theories only differ on the point of view of actions but they all are guided by the common good of the community. The appropriate cause of action is to ensure that individuals are held accountable for their actions. This is because engineers ought to conduct a preliminary analysis to determine the effect of their actions on the environment and failure to do so, results to consequences. References Blackwell, Laforllette. (2000). The Blackwell guide to ethical theory. Edited by Hugh. Oxford University Press. Bucciarelli, L. (2003).Engineering philosophy(1st ed.). Delft: DUP Satellite. Castleman, B. (2005).Asbestos(1st ed.). New York: Aspen. Resolutions of political philosophy Cherry, K. (1998).Asbestos(1st ed.). Boca Raton: CRC Press. European Journal on social philosophy. Hao Wang,(1997). A Logical Journey: From Godel to philosophy. https://books.googlecom/books?isbn=026261251 Miyamoto, K., Morinaga, K., Mori, H. (2011).Asbestos Disaster(1st ed.). Tokyo: Springer Japan. Mumford, E. (1981).Values, Technology and Work(1st ed.). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands. Sato Hajime, (2010). Management of Health risks and Politics of Health Risk Management- Asbestos and BSE. Scheberle, D. (2004).Federalism and Environmental policy: Trust and Politics of Asbestos(1st ed.). London. Oliver Mack, Anshuman Khare, Andres Kramer, (2015). Managing in VUCA world. International Health and Safety. Peter Achinstein (2005). Scientific evidence: Philosophical Theories and Application. The Law in Philosophical perspective. Phil Hughes, Ed Ferrett, (2010). Introduction to international health and safety at work. Second edition: Springer Netherlands

Acid Dissociation Constant Essay Example

Acid Dissociation Constant Essay Using spectrophotometric method: determine the wavelengths at which the acid and base forms of the dye in aqueous medium exhibit maximum absorption; determine the molar absorptivities of the acid and base forms of the dye and estimate an unknown concentration of the dye in solution using the Beer-Lambert’s Law; and determine the acid dissociation constant of the indicator dye. THEORY The absorption or reflection of certain wavelengths of light account for observed colors such as the rainbow or the blue sky. Color intensity can be associated with increasing concentration of a substance responsible for absorbing or reflecting light. Thus, if a substance appears colored when dissolved in solution, colorimetric methods (techniques used to determine concentration of a substance by analysis of its inherent color), such as spectrophotometry, can be used to determine quantitatively the amount of the substance dissolved in solution. It is found empirically that the amount of light absorbed by a specific sample depends on three items: (1) the concentration of the solution; (2) the distance travelled by the light through the sample; and (3) the natural ability of the specific substance to absorb light. The previous statement is also known as the Beer’s Law: A = Є b c(6-1) where A is the absorbance, Є is the molar absorptivity (how well the material absorbs light), b is the path length (through which the light passes), and c is the solution concentration. We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Acid Dissociation Constant specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In typical spectrophotometric techniques, it is generally perceived that the value of b remains the same by using the same sample cell holder (cuvette). Accordingly, the value for Є is constant for a specific chemical species at a given wavelength. In this experiment, indicator dyes are good candidates for analysis, in that, these substances give varied colors when subjected to different pH environments. Indicators dyes are compounds that are essentially weak acids (or bases) that exhibit different colors at various pH levels. The color exhibited by the aqueous solution of the dye is dependent simply whether the dye is present largely in its acidic form (HIn) or its basic form (In–). Such property of dyes in aqueous media affords the use of spectrophotometric methods to relate absorbance data to the relative amounts of the acid and base forms of the dye in buffered solutions. The dissociation of an acid dye in aqueous solution can be represented as HIn + H2O H3O+ + In– (6-2) (color 1) (color 2) here HIn and In– are the acid and conjugate forms of the dye, respectively. If the pH of the solution containing the indicator dye changes, the equilibrium shown in equation (6 – 1) will be driven either towards more reactants (more HIn) or more products (more In–). This results in a color change that depends on the concentration of each dye form present. For instance, in a strongly acidic solution, the equilibrium is shifted to the left and thus the indicator will be present in th e HIn form, exhibiting a color that corresponds to that of HIn. Conversely, in a strongly basic solution, the equilibrium is shifted to the right resulting in a color characteristic of the In– form. Appropriately, at an intermediate pH value, a color which is primarily a combination of colors 1 and 2 results, where the tinge depends largely on the relative amounts of the dye forms present. Considering the mass action expression for the reaction depicted in (6-2) Ka=H3O+In-HIn (6-3) The previous equation can be transformed in such a way that introduces pH in the equation pKa=pH-logIn-HIn (6-4) Equation (6-4) is commonly known as the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Employing both Beer’s Law and the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation allows the analysis of a solution that contains two colored species, in this case, the acid and base forms of the indicator dye. The ratio [In–]/[HIn] at different pH values and at constant total dye concentration may be investigated using spectrophotometric methods through absorbance measurements. This technique involves the following: (a) Determination of the wavelengths ? HIn and ? In- at which the acid and base forms of the dye exhibit maximum absorption. (b) Determination of the absorptivities of both acid and base forms of the dye at ? HIn and ? In- using Beer’s Law. (c) Measurement of the absorbances of buffered solutions of the dye at ? HIn and ? In-. The buffered solutions can be taken to be mixtures of two independently absorbing species, HIn and In–, and hence, the absorbances are simply additive sums of the absorbances due to HIn and In–. This relationship is an extension of the Beer’s Law known as the Beer-Lambert’s Law, which can be interpreted in the subsequent equations: A=A? HIn+A? In- (6-5) A? HIn=a? HIn,HIn*HIn+a? HIn,In-*In-(6-6) A? In-=a? In-,HIn*HIn+a? In-,In-*In- (6-7) where A? HIn and A? In- are the absorbances of the dye solution at ? HIn and ? In-, respectively; and a? HIn,HIn , a? HIn,In- , a? In-,HIn , a? In-,In- are the absorptivities of HIn and In– at the wavelengths, ? HIn and ? In-, correspondingly. MATERIALS spectrophotometerindicator dyes (0. 08 g/L in 20% ethanol) pH meter0. 05 M and 0. 01 M HCl analytical balance0. 05 M and 0. 01 M borax (Na2B4O7†¢10H2O) solution 100 mL volumetric flasksbuffers solutions pipettesunknown sample PROCEDURE I. Spectra of the Acid and Base Forms of the Dye A. Preparation of Dye Solutions 1. Obtain the assigned dye solution from your laboratory instructor. . Prepare the acidic solution of your dye: a. Place 10 mL of 0. 05M HCl in a 100-mL volumetric flask. b. Add 10 mL of the dye to the HCl in the volumetric flask. c. Dilute to volume with distilled water. d. Mix well and set aside. 3. Prepare the basic solution of your dye using 0. 05M borax solution. B. Determination of the Wavelength of Maximum Absorbance (? max) 1. Measure the absorbances of the solutions prepared in Part A at 20-nm intervals within the 340 – 625 nm wavelength range. 2. Make measurements at smaller intervals within the vicinity of the wavelength of maximum absorption. . Record all data properly. 4. Identify the ? HIn and the ? In-. Important reminders: a. Zero (100% transmittance) the spectrophotometer against the blank every time a new wavelength of incident light is set. b. The blank should consist of the solvent including all the reagents other than the specific absorbant being analyzed. c. Wash the sample cuvette very thoroughly. Make sure to wash it with small portions of the test liquid prior to every measurement. d. Ensure that the optically clear faces of the cuvette are free from finger marks, stains ore drops of liquids. . Strive to keep the cuvette on the same position each time it is used. II. Determination of Molar Absorptivities A. Preparation of Dilute Solutions 1. Take 10, 25, and 40 mL aliquots of t he acidic solution prepared in Part IA and put into separate 50 mL volumetric flasks. 2. Dilute each solution to mark using 0. 01M HCl. 3. Repeat step 1 with the basic solution this time using 0. 01M borax solution for dilution. 4. Label the flasks. B. Absorbance Measurements at the (? max) 1. Measure the absorbances of the six solutions at the wavelengths of maximum absorption, ? HIn and the ? In-, which were determined in Part 1B. 2. Record all data properly. III. Determination of the pKa A. Preparation of Solutions at Various pH Levels 1. Prepare five solutions at various pH values but with constant total dye concentration by following the succeeding steps. 2. For each solution to be prepared, obtain 10 mL of the original dye solution and place into a 100 mL volumetric flask. 3. Dilute to the mark with the buffer solution. NOTES: e. The buffer system to be used should consist of a weak acid or weak base whose pKa value is within  ± 0. 0 unit of the desired pH value. f. The four pH values chosen should fall within the transformation range of the dye. g. Select the appropriate buffer for this range of pH values. B. Absorbance and pH Measurements 1. Measure the absorbances (at ? HIn and the ? In-) of each of the buffered solutions prepared in Part IIIA. 2. Determine the actual pH of the five solutions using a pH meter. 3. Record all data. Figure 6. 1. Sample absorption spectra of an indicator dye in (A) acidic solution, (B) basic solution, and (C) solution at intermediate pH. DATA ANALYSIS 4. Prepare a plot of the absorbance of the acid solutions against the wavelengths of maximum absorption, ? HIn and the ? In-. (See Figure 6. 1) Do the same for the basic solutions. 5. Overlay the plots and locate the isosbestic point. (Refer to Figure 6. 2) 6. Plot the absorbance against concentration of the dye in the basic and acidic solutions at ? HIn and the ? In-. 7. Using Beer-Lambert’s Law, derive the values of the absorptivities of the acid and base forms at the two wavelengths from the graphs obtained in #3. You should be able to derive four values: a? HIn,HIn (absorptivity of the acid form, HIn, at the ? HIn) a? HIn,In- (absorptivity of the base form, In–, at the ? HIn) a? In-,HIn (absorptivity of the acid form, HIn, at the ? In-) a? In-,In- (absorptivity of the base form, In–, at the ? In-) 8. Calculate the concentrations of the acid and base forms of the dye in the various buffered solutions using equations (6-6) and (6-7). 9. Use Henderson-Hasselbalch equation (6-4) to calculate the pKa of the dye. Determine the average pKa value. You might need to do regression analysis. Figure 6. 2. Plot of absorbance as a function of pH for an indicator dye. The isosbestic point is where the absorbance plot of the measurements made at ? HIn (I) crosses that of absorbance plot of the measurements made at ? In-(II). POSTLAB QUESTIONS 5. Discuss the principle behind the operation of a simple spectrophotometer. Use diagrams when deemed appropriate. 6. What are the assumptions and limitations of Beer’s Law? 7. What is the significance of the isosbestic point? REFERENCES BRAUN, R. D. 1982. Introduction to Chemical Analysis, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. BASSETT, J. et al. 1981. Vogels’s Textbook of Quantitative Inorganic Analysis, 4th ed. New York: Longman. DANIELS, F. et al. 1970. Experimental Physical Chemistry, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co. ALBERTY, R. A. and R. J. Silbey. 1992. Physical Chemistry, New York: John Wiley Sons, Inc. APPENDIX If bromothymol blue (3,3- dibromo-thymolsulfonephthalein) is the dye to be used in the experiment, the following information is important: * At pH less than 6, the indicator is yellow and at pH greater than 7. , the indicator is blue. At an intermediate pH, the blue and yellow combine to yield a green solution. * The absorbance of a pH 6. 85 bromothymol blue solution was 0. 7333 at 430 nm and 0. 5690 at 555 nm. * The minimum absorbance at 430 nm was 0. 1320, and the minimum absorbance at 555 nm was 0. 0210. * The absorbance of a pH 1 solution of the same concentration of bromothymol blue was 1. 097 at 430 nm and the absor bance of a pH 13 solution of the same concentration of bromothymol blue was 1. 4280 at 555 nm.

Communication and motivational skills Essays

Communication and motivational skills Essays Communication and motivational skills Paper Communication and motivational skills Paper Motivation is big factor fair all levels and ages for example a child could have a completely different motivation from an adult. A big part of what motivates children is fairness in what they are doing Barnes, P (2002) where as an adult competitor might have a different motivation as winning the league or getting a bonus in there pay for playing well. But if you are able to find the different aspects that will motivate your group of individuals the best. To be effective at you role as a leader or coach you have to look at your team and decide which method of motivation to use. Barrett, J (1998) suggests that you have to either use the carrot or the stick. The carrot being giving your team praise and stick being shouting at them and making sure the person or team knows what they did wrong. And this is where you see good coaches excel, as they are able to separate when and at what time to use these two different types of motivation. When you look at what stops a person from being a successful leader there is many obstacles that a leader has to over come, such as Insincerity, favoritism, lack of Motivation, lack of recognition, poor response, or no response, lack of time Carling, W (1995) we see there that motivation or a lack of it is a reason that a leader will not be successful or even at least meet there potential. So to have the ability to motivate a team is vital without this attribute you will never be able lead a team to any effectiveness at all. Without this attribute the members of your team will be unable to reach there full potential without the proper motivation. Players respond differently when motivated without it they will look flat and work to the lowest of there capabilities. Without the motivation of your players you will never be an effective leader the people around you will just not reach there potential. When looking for the different contributes of a good leader it will always come back to motivation and communication of the leader. Throughout this essay we have seen the difference that having good communication can have on a leader. You see this in all the top leaders day in day out. We see could leaders in football such as the managers who are continually in communication with here players getting there views across and making sure that they are performing the tactics that they have set. Where as if you look at less successful managers such as Sunday league football you would see team coaches who are not communicated with the other players which is so important for success. Without this important communication it is almost certain that there will be no motivational qualities in the coach. We see the importance of a leader to be able to motivate his group so that they meet their targets. We see this in coaches he when there team maybe be down at half time he is able to take them to changing rooms and motivate his players into putting in better performances. This is a sign of an effective coach or leader. With a coach or leader who communicates will with the group of people you are able to see the confidence that a leader has from his group they will no that he is a could leader or coach and so will work at there best for him. We see these effective coaches or leaders everywhere you look when at school your teacher at school was a leader, your local coach can be an effective leader he my not look as good as those in the premiership but they can be just as effective as them with there team. So in looking at all of the effective leaders that there is in the world it is vital for them to have an appropriate level of communication and motivational skills.

Management Strategy and Decision Making Assignment

Management Strategy and Decision Making - Assignment Example s main focus was made on the increase of returns to the shareholders, the achievement of the Just Group strategy could be partially evaluated based on the dividends payout. Thus, in 2013 the company informed about annual dividends increase up to 38 cents per share. This increase has comprised 2% comparing with the dividends for 2012 (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). However, taking into consideration the fact that for 2009 it was declared that dividends were 75 cents per share, the company’s performance could be challenged. On the other hand, this performance could demonstrate strong financial position of the company as the global financial crisis might have had more adverse effects on the shareholder’s value. In order to achieve its strategy of increase of returns to the shareholders, the company has identified six strategic focus areas, such as: expansion and growth of the business through the internet up to 10% of sales; reinvigoration of the five key brands; organization-wide cost efficiency program; two phase gross margin expansion; significant growth of Peter Alexander; and significant growth of Smiggle brands (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). By reviewing the company’s performance results reported in 2013 it is possible to state the there has been made a substantial progress towards achievement of the above listed strategies. For example, the company has reported that its e-commerce activity has grown significantly. To achieve this result, there were launched 1day delivery program (within Australia) and mobile sites for all brands of the company. In terms of the growth margin expansion strategy, the company has also achieved significant results as gross margin has been expanded by 117 basis points in 2013 (Premier Investment Limited Annual Report 2013). Growth of Peter Alexander brand was also significant in FY 2013, as the total sales have exceeded 17%. Taking into consideration that in 2009 this brand comprised 7, 7% of

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America Essay

Effects of the Vietnam War Debt on America - Essay Example 2. Background of the U.S. Involvement in the Vietnam War Initially, the United States did not take sides on the war in Vietnam. However, a series of global events provoked the United States into backing up France. This was after President Harry S. Truman promised to assist the French in sustaining their control in Indochina. Consequently, the United Sates got involved in Vietnam. Before the war, in one way or the other, the United States believed that it was in charge of maintaining order in the world. Among Harry Truman’s foreign policies was the policy to control communism and this was very evident in Southeast Asia. During Eisenhower’s administration, the United States continued to directly support the French in form of equipment, weapons and technical assistance. According to a report by Charles E. Wilson, who was the defense secretary during Eisenhower’s first term as president, millions of dollars were allocated to the French Union Forces, in addition to a program for regular Indochinese military assistance for equipment and weapons. Campagna states that â€Å"In September 1953, $385 million were allocated to the direct support of the French Union Forces and added to the $400 million previously appropriated for this purpose in the budget for fiscal year 1954† (3). ... This led to the transfer of these funds from assistance programs to other accounts of allotment. At the same time, a complete account of the amounts spent in Vietnam was demanded revealing the total dollars spent by the United States from 1953 to 1965. The cost of military personnel in Vietnam was not included in the accounts, as it was not clear how many dollars had been spent on this, despite the fact that between 1954 and 1961, the number of troops assigned to Vietnam had gradually increased (Campagna 5). The amounts in millions of dollars are shown in the following table: Fiscal Year Agency for International Development and other Agencies Public Law 480 (all titles) Total 1953-1957 783.9 39.4 823.3 1958 179.1 9.7 188.8 1959 200.6 6.5 207.1 1960 169.0 11.5 180.5 1961 132.6 12.0 144.6 1962 110.7 32.5 143.2 1963 133.2 64.3 197.5 1964 159.3 71.0 230.3 1965 216.1 52.8 268.9 Total 2084.5 299.7 2384.2 Source: Campagna, Anthony S., The Economic Consequences of the Vietnam War, New York: Praeger Publishers, 1991, Print, table 1.1. At this time, it was difficult to determine whether the total amounts spent in Vietnam, with or without the personnel costs, would have an impact on the economy of the United States. In the 1950s, the economy of the United States underwent a period of stagnation with three recessions during Eisenhower’s administration reducing the economic growth rate of the nation to 2.4 percent (Campagna 5). During this era, the economic and technological growth of the Soviet Union was higher than that of the United States. This brought about charges as a result of the technology gap. The United States however closed this gap by establishing the National Aeronautics and Space

Correct the grammar Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Correct the grammar - Essay Example Additionally, the living room contains three tables. The first one is 2† X 2† and it is in the left side of the couch, the second one is in front of the couch with measurement of 7† X 5† X4† h. The third one is a TV table and it is in the front of the door, the table measuring 12† L X 3† W X 5† H. Between the window, which is in the opposite side of the door, and the TV table there is a Christmas tree measuring 5† X 5†. On the right side of the couch there will be the trashcan. The floor of the living room is furnished by half carpet and half wood. The interior walls are covered with decoration sheets, and the window is covered with a curtain. Based on the fuel, heat and oxygen, the fire will ignite and spread easily. The fire will start from the trashcan and will be spread by the wall decoration and the couch by the convection and conduction transfer of heat. However, most of the fuels are sitting horizontally so the fire will spread slowly because of the limited heat transfer, the air way opposite to the fuel (counter flow flame spread). Few minutes later the fire will get to the point of flame over, and then to the flash over, which will make the fire to spread because the smoke will spread all over the room, and by the heat transfer of radiation, which is coming from the smoke will ignite anything far away from the main fire. Additionally, the living room contains good ventilation so it is possible to have a back

Competition And Market Power Economics Essay

Competition And Market Power Economics Essay For a long period of time, De Beers has been successfully raising consumer demand for diamonds. The company is famous for its monopolistic policies during the last century, when it used its leading position to control the international diamond market. De Beers had a number of methods to ensure its control in the market: thus, it joined some independent manufacturers to its single channel monopoly, it pushed the manufacturers who refused to join the cartel out of the market by overfilling the market with diamonds, it bought and stored the diamonds of other producers in order to regulate the prices (De Beers Company). Pure monopoly means the conditions in the market, when only one company produces and sells a product that has no substitutes. The market access is limited and the company has complete control over prices. Thus, in pure monopoly, the market is dominated by a big enterprise-monopolist fully controlling the prices. Establishment of extremely high prices is restrained by the risks of a fall or a lack of consumer demand. Monopolist assesses demand and sets the price at a level that ensures the greatest return on investment (Larue, Gervais Pouliot, 2008). Monopolies are also public utilities, the services of which are used by any business. The existence of natural monopolies is justified by the fact that they best meet the public interest. In rural areas, such monopolies can be companies supplying agricultural machinery, chemical fertilizer, seed and breeder farms, businesses that provide repair services. The main features of monopoly are as follows (Larue, Gervais Pouliot, 2008): There is only one firm in the market, which affects the prices, adjusting the proposal; There are no identical products in the market; Controlling the market of raw materials in the industry, the company-monopoly excludes the emergence of new producers. Thus, the market of pure monopoly is the market of one seller. Most frequently, these are the governmental organizations, with the state monopoly able to solve various problems through pricing policies: To set a price below the cost for socially important goods to maintain their standard of living; To set a price covering the costs or providing a good income; To set a high price to reduce consumption. Returning to De Beers Company, for the last decade it has been undergoing changes turning into a more reliable company. A number of factors led to the necessity for transformation in the De Beers model (De Beers Company). In 2004 the company was declared guilty according to the 1994 accusation that De Beers had merged with General Electric to control the price of industrial diamonds; the company paid $10 million to the United States Department of Justice. Contemporary diamond industry is noticeably differs from that of the last decade, as it is now a complicated and continuously developing geopolitical notion. Today, apart from De Beers, the most important players in the diamond business are the African producer countries (e.g., Botswana and Namibia), Rio Tinto, Lev Leviev, BHP Billiton, Alrosa, Harry Winston, etc (De Beers Company). 3. Monopolistic Competition Luxury Watch Industry: Go to http://images.businessweek.com/ss/06/05/watches/source/1.htm (Retrieved May 17, 2010). This is an interesting article on luxury watches. Click on the slide show in the upper right window (check out the prices!). Are these three firms participating in a monopolistically competitive market? What characteristics of the good make the market monopolistically competitive? Explain. A recent study by the Luxury Institute has determined the watches that are considered by the wealthy consumers to be the best out of the top 17 ultra luxury watch producers: Franck Muller, Vacheron Constantin and Audemars Piguet, Patek Philippe and Breguet, though Rolex and Cartier were most famous brands. Nowadays, even not so well-known watchmakers take an equal part in monopolistic competition with the world leaders (Business Week, 2010). The market with monopolistic competition is characterized by the following features (Yomogida, 2010): The presence of multiple buyers and sellers (the market consists of a large number of independent companies and customers), the number of which doesnà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢t exceed the one present in pure competition. Low barriers for the entry into the industry. This does not mean that it is easy to start a monopolistically competitive firm; such difficulties as problems with registration, patents and licenses are still present. To survive in the market in the long run, monopolistically competitive firms need to produce diverse, differentiated products, which differ from that is offered by competing firms. Moreover, products may differ from one another by one or several properties (e.g. chemical composition of watches); Buyers and sellers are perfectly informed about market conditions; Predominantly non-price competition; advertising of products is very important for the development. Companies of this type have a negative slope of the demand curve. In monopolistic competition, the output is set at the level of profit maximization (marginal revenue equals marginal cost). However, when deciding on the establishment of prices for products, a monopolistic competitor acts like a monopolist: the price for the goods is set at the highest possible level, i.e. at the level of the demand curve for products. Just as at the market of perfect competition, in monopolistic competition the firm relies on the value of the average total costs, deciding whether to remain in the industry or leave the market. Thus, if the company continued to suffer losses, it means that the average total production costs exceed the established price per unit, and the firm will leave the market in the long run. It should be noted that, since the monopolistic competitor is dynamic in the decision-making, it cannot effectively allocate resources, which leads to inefficiency of such firms in the long run. It is practically impossible to have a positive profit at the market of monopolistic competition in the long term (Yomogida, 2010). 4. Oligopoly The OPEC Oil Cartel Go to www.opec.org (Retrieved May 17, 2010). What are the organizations stated goals, which countries are members, and when was it founded? Is it normal for them to be successful in keeping oil prices high, or have they faced difficulties in keeping the cartel united in the past? The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an international intergovernmental organization (also called a cartel), established by oil-producing powers and including 12 countries: Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Qatar, Libya, United Arab Emirates, Algeria, Nigeria, Ecuador and Angola. The aim of OPEC is to coordinate and develop a common policy with regard to oil production among members of the organization, maintaining stable oil prices, providing a stable supply of oil to consumers, and benefit from the investments in the oil industry (OPEC). OPEC members control about 2/3 of world oil reserves. Their share in the world oil makes 40%, or nearly the half of the world oil exports. At different periods of its history, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries controlled from 25% to 60% of oil production in industrial countries (Hansen Lindholt, 2008). At the same time, the cartel represents a very unstable structure, based on collusion in order to establish a monopoly price in the market, which can be unsatisfactory for some members of the cartel; this finally leads to the violation of the cartel agreement. At first glance, the similarity of the cartel and monopoly is obvious. But the cartel very rarely (in contrast to the monopoly), controls the entire market, because the policy has to deal with non-cartelized enterprises. In addition, the cartel members have quite a powerful temptation to cheat their partners, reducing prices or actively promoting their product, which creates the conditions for the capture of the market (Hansen Lindholt, 2008). Failure to fully and consistently use the cartel for the interaction of oligopolistic firms is forcing them to conduct secret economic policy in price changes and in the delineation of the spheres of influence. Such cooperation may manifest itself in the form of price rigidity or leadership in price formation, and through special organizations such as patent pools. The rigidity of prices is the oligopolistic practice, when, even with changes in costs or demand, an organization is not inclined to change prices, believing that if it has to raise the price, others will follow, which will lead to loss of market share. In this way, the cartel stays away from changing prices due to the fear to unleash the war of prices. Leadership in prices means the practice, when the formation of prices for the product is focused on the prices set by the leader often dominant in this industry. This demonstrates the kind of implicit collusion, although its presence is usually not proven (BÃÆ' ¶ckem, 2004). Patent pools represent an agreement on specialization and cooperation of production, and the consortium the union of firms to conduct joint scientific research and joint construction of large investment projects. Both of these organizations perform cartel functions and are the basis for the organization of conspiracy to divide the market. Thus, the oligopoly is characterized by three features: there are two or more competing firms in the industry, so that the industry is not monopolized (OPEC and Russia relation); demand curve has a falling character, so the industry does not have rules of free competition; at least one large organization operates in the industry, any action of which causes a reaction of competitors (OPEC oligopolistic practices), so that there is no monopolistic competition (BÃÆ' ¶ckem, 2004).

Peyote Information :: essays research papers fc

Just a Drug? Throughout our entire lives we have always been told that drugs are bad. They have terrible consequences on our bodies, and can cause us to do things that we wouldn’t normally consent to do in a sober state. Drugs can have adverse and varying effects on people, but no matter what the drug is we have been made to believe that its use is bad. What if a drug was more than just a way to escape reality, or to feel good? Peyote is a drug that has had more than just physical use and meaning to people for over 400 years. It is used as a spiritual catalyst by many Native Americans, and is believed by them to cause a direct psychic link to God. People around the country have varying views on peyote use, but who can say that it is bad? If the drug does have bad effects on the body, Native Americans have surely accepted that as a reasonable tradeoff for the spiritual journey peyote brings. So is peyote as a drug, or it’s use in Native American religion, bad?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In order to understand and base an opinion on a religion that is centralized around a drug, you must first understand the drug itself. Peyote is a small, round cactus that grows in the southern US and Mexico. Rather than spines or spikes, peyote has fuzzy tufts that stuck out from it’s edges. Only about an inch of the cactus is viewable above ground, with the majority of it being the deeply buried, carrot-like root structure. The small portion that is above ground is harvested, and is referred to as the peyote â€Å"button†. It is consumed either freshly cut, or dried, and has some extreme effects on the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effects of peyote are quite strong, and cause an array of feelings and emotional perceptions. According to www.xs4all.nl; â€Å"†¦ There is a feeling of strange intoxication and shifting consciousness with minor perceptual changes. There may also be strong physical effects, including respiratory pressure, muscle tension (especially face and neck muscles), and queasiness or possible nausea†¦ After this the state of altered consciousness begins to manifest itself†¦..among the possible occurences are feelings of inner tranquility, oneness with life, heightened awareness, and rapid thought flow†¦these effects will deepen and become more visual. Colors may become more intense. Halos and auras may appear about things. Objects

Once Upon a time x constant image of your face

Guilt is a common feeling that humans feel when they have done something wrong. The poets Gabriel Okra and Dennis brutes both express this feeling of guilt in their personae backgrounds. Therefore, okra's â€Å"Once upon a Time† and brute's â€Å"It is the Constant Image of Your Face† are poems portrayed with guilt, but they show it in different situations. The body of both poems have a specific situation happening. In the poem â€Å"Once upon a Time† the persona wishes to be young again an forget all the lessons he has taught himself.He admits of having to put on a â€Å"mask â€Å"depending on who he is in company with, however he wishes to return to his childhood days when he would laugh a honest laughter. The persona speaks to his son about the times when people WOUld Seem to be sincere and caring when dealing with one another. In the poem â€Å"It is the Constant Image of Your Face† the persona chooses his woman over his county. The persona looks at his love for his country along with his mistress and the heartbreak that is inflicted with his choices.The persona admits that they cannot make excuses for his mistress does not take precedence over the personae country, however he still commits treason against his country by being seduced by his mistress's beauty and protection. The persona hopes that his country' will forgive him for choosing his mistress. In both the poems the personae give a feeling of guilt in their events. In the poem â€Å"Once Upon a Time† the poet creates contrast be;en â€Å"heart† and â€Å"faces†. â€Å"Hearts† suggest a deep honest feeling and emotion.Thus, when people shook hands â€Å"with their hearts†, their emotion was true and real. However, when they laugh ‘With their teeth†, not with their eyes. This suggests that the eyes are like the windows of the soul thus letting us see how a person truly feels. In the second poem, â€Å"It is the Constant Im age of Your Face† the persona reflects on the image of someone he cares for. The persona admits that both him and his mistress can â€Å"plead excuses† for his behavior because the woman does not take precedence over his country. He is also feeling guilt and sadness because of what he has done.He has committed treason against his country and he hopes his country will pardon him because of his love for his country and woman. The two poems show contrast through literary devices. Personifications and oxymoron are used by the poets in their poems. In the poem ‘it is the Constant Image of Your Face' the phrase ‘heart's Treachery' is an oxymoron used.

How To Choose The Right Career Beeing a Student

How To Choose The Right Career Beeing a Student Questions to Ask as You Decide Which Career Is Right for You Growing up, we face a really heart-rending issue, which can be formulated in one simple question how to choose the right career. While some people make a decision to start their career during study years, others go with the flow and take into consideration the job issue after graduation. The fact is that sooner or later but the moment of choosing a career in inevitable in each persons life. In case you feel irresolute what path to follow, there is a list of questions to ask as you decide which career is right for you: What brings you pleasure? This means that it is the time to look deep into your soul and define or discover your dreams, passions, and interests. What activities, books, movies, people make you feel happy or satisfied, what set of skills do you possess, what are the strong and weak points of your character, what would you like to achieve or what do you expect from yourself? It is not stupid to focus on your dreams and passions as even the most, at the first sight, the unattainable dream can come true if you know how to formulate it, divide it into smaller achievable real time-measured objectives. The problem of the career choice is the reason for our neglectful attitude to ourselves. It is much easier to find your labor of love if you know exactly who and what you are. What is your professional focus? The presence of motivation while completing certain tasks is crucial in a sense of personal and professional growth. Depending on whether you are more promotion or prevention oriented type of person, choose a career path that matches your ambitions. On the one side, both promotion and maintenance of your professional status do matter. However, try determining what you are more inclined to in order to choose the right direction, the field of job and be satisfied with your decision. For example, promotion-oriented employees are characterized as people, who have quick abstract thinking, work fast, measure the achieved goals by the number of rewards, though, are usually error-prone. Whereas, prevention-oriented employees are advocates of stability, security and often excel at an analytic way of thinking, keeping an eye on details, thorough planning, though, work slowly and find it difficult to get accustomed to the changes. What type of personality are you? is another question to ask as you decide which career is right for you. Why is it important? First of all, in order not to hurt your inner world or make you feel uncomfortable because of the unfavorable conditions of job and the working surrounding. Are you more an introvert or extrovert? Define whether such aspects as crowded offices, constant interaction with your colleagues and other people, tasks in a team make you feel embarrassed or uneven or vice versa you are attracted to such a busy working routine and cant stand quiet, isolated working environment. Does your lifestyle match your career choice? Before choosing a career compare your present lifestyle with the one you will have as soon as you will get hired by an employer. Does it meet your expectations or does it deprive you of private life, time for yourself and family? Do you have time to rest or there is no difference between working and non-working hours? Of course, it takes some time to get used to a new job position and at first, work may take more of your free time. However, make sure it doesnt occupy all your day and you dont turn into slave unless you feel O.K. with such a lifestyle. Decide where would you like to reside? The place you want to stay and live usually plays an important role while making job decisions and helps in actually conducting a career search. Have you been dreaming about rural or metropolitan lifestyle? Do you accept the probability of resettlement provided by the contract of your work or, probably, living in your hometown is the priority? As you see your attitude to the location of work belongs to the list of factors that should be taken into consideration while answering the question how to choose the right career. Remember that we are far away from the times when it was common to make a lifelong career choice. Nowadays, there are ample opportunities for both personal and career development, so your aim is to figure out what you want, weight all the pros and cons of the working conditions, detect your hidden talents and desires, set priorities and choose the right career path! To do this, try to understand your needs and preferences in order not to regret your choice.

The Bushido Code

The Bushido Code The Samurai's Tale, a book written by Erik Haugaard, portrays a perspicuous image of Japanese society in Medieval Japan. The Bushido Code, a code of conduct which stresses 6 values and is followed by all samurai, plays an important role in this book. The most prominent of these values are loyalty, courage, and honor.To begin with, loyalty, or being faithful to one's lord, is an important value because it strengthens a lord's rule over his lessers. "Your lord is like your father, you must follow him wherever he leads," (p.119) Wada Kansuke pointed out to Taro. Even though Taro may sometimes disagree with Lord Akiyama, he should still remain loyal to him. In a like manner, Lord Akiyama thought that Katsuyori wasn't as skilled as his father, but he remains loyal to Katsuyori because he was Takeda Shingen's son. Even though Lord Akiyama disagrees with Katsuyori, he follows his orders so the Takeda generals will not fight amongst themselves trying to become the next ruler of the Takeda.ta ro dares you to take his beloved stickIn addition, the ronin bandit was very loyal to Lord Obu in spite of his lord's revolt against Takeda Shingen. "I serve Lord Obu and no-one else," (p.116) the ronin bandit objected when Taro suggested that he should join Lord Akiyama. Although joining Lord Akiyama could save his life, the ronin refused because of his loyalty to Lord Obu. Loyalty is what unites the Takeda and other tribes from the lowly peasant to the powerful general.Courage is equally important since it is what enables the samurai to fight each other on the battle field or there would be no fighting because the samurai wouldn't be brave enough to risk their lives. Throughout The Samurai's Tale, Taro shows bravery by doing several remarkable feats. "Fate cheated me of...

Chinese Businesses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Chinese Businesses - Essay Example Over the centuries, these socio-economic affiliations helped ties the Chinese and Filipino in a strong spirit of affinity. In the 21st century, mutual trade and investments provide a solid pillar in the long-standing, friendly relations between the two nations (Philippine Embassy Beijing 2004). In Singapore, there was a phenomenal influx of Chinese migrants during the nineteenth century. Multitudes of Chinese migrants filled the island for commerce and work with the institution of Singapore as a colony of Britain in 1819 (Ee 1961). During this time, secret societies emerged that Chinese migrants became associated with. These secret societies contributed to the development of Chinese businesses in Singapore in early days. Chen (2001) narrated that around 60 million Chinese people have built communities in countries other than China. They cover a range of ethnic and linguistic subdivisions bound by their common origin, and are collectively known as the Overseas Chinese (Weidenbaum 1996). Although rather small in terms of the entire population of their host countries, they play a vital role in the economic setting of South East Asia, where they dominate a majority of the firms' wealth in the region (Yeung, 1996). According to Tsang (2002 p. ... Most of them are into small and medium enterprises; however, play a significant role in the economy of the Philippines. Some of these entrepreneurs hold large companies and are valued as some of the most well-known Philippine' business tycoons. According to Wong (1985), the traditional Chinese family business (CFB) is "a small-scale, domestically oriented, form of business organization that originated in China several hundred years ago and was dispersed throughout South East Asia by emigrating Chinese minorities in the 19th and 20th centuries". Shapiro and Erdener (2003) modernly called them as the Chinese family enterprise (CFE) in which they defined as "the larger, internationally active, family-owned Overseas Chinese enterprise that evolved from the traditional CFF outside China". Yeung (1999, pp.106-11) narrated that some of CFB turned into CFE that have become famous international conglomerates are Fortune Tobacco under Lucio Tan in the Philippines and the Far East Organization under Ng Teng Fong in Singapore. "Among the Overseas Chinese, family business was evolving in new directions that deviated from tradition and paved the way for international expansion". As they internationally expand, CFEs typically created powers and capabilities in their host markets as the basis for competitive advantages in the foreign country environment. In some South East Asian countries where ethnic discrimination is at large by the dominant cultural group, the CFB expanded their business network beyond the family. This led them to form unions with national governments. The main advantages of the CFE based on characteristics over other form of business structures are listed below. According to Chen (1995), the main lead of the CFE is its capacity to grab commercial portals of

Case Study Paper 1- Nickel and Dimed Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Study Paper 1- Nickel and Dimed - Essay Example While elaborating the reasons, the writer submits to state that since an overwhelming majority of the labor class is neither educated nor skilled, it has to bear the brunt of not seeking any technical skills and abilities. Consequently, they have to stick to odd jobs, where neither their experience is counted to be referred in some other employment, nor they are admired and appreciated by the management and administration against the services they render for their work places and organizations as well. Moreover, since they find no other job opportunities, they cannot raise their voice against the cruelties inflicted upon them by the management. The middle order management is also a great hurdle on the way to the workers’ progress. Hence, unpleasant and untoward behavior displayed by the administration paves the way towards the financial ruin of the labor class. While analyzing the challenges faced by the lower class community, the novelist is of the opinion that one single job is not enough to fulfill the growing financial needs of the lower class. It is therefore, the individuals belonging to the labor division has to get involved into different jobs in order to make their both ends meet. Both such jobs are so painstaking, tedious and excruciating that the individuals find themselves physically exhausted and almost retarded due to the heavy burden of jobs, which neither brings smile on their faces, nor they earn any sort of applaud or financial jump in return to the hard efforts they make while performing their obligations from dawn to dusk. The writer appears to be astonished to note that the working class does not attain complete diet even once a day; even then they are bound to show extraordinary performance by cleansing several tables, floors, rooms and washrooms of hotels and restaurants as well as attend and serve the

Strategic Leadership Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Strategic Leadership - Coursework Example e the resources of the company are correctly and effectively being used and activities are being correctly and accurately being reported (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2012). Some of the examples of these controls include budgets, bank reconciliations, cross segregation of duties e.g. for book-keeper posting cash and the receiver of mails, etc. Therefore, from the definitions and examples above, it is evident one major difference between the two is that, strategic controls affect the whole company activities (internal and external) while financial control focus on the internal environment more specifically, the financial resources of the company (Bert, n.d.). It is important to note that a leader’s influence can only be felt within the organization if such a leader behaves ethically. Therefore, given that the human capital play a significant role in determining the company’s success, then there is need for me as a manager responsible for developing and training employees to behave ethically in order to cultivate a better culture in the subordinates. Moreover, I believe that my position is in tandem with many strategic leaders because of the changing workplace environment due diversity in culture, attitude and work ethics. Therefore, to be able to retain better and efficient talent within the organization, many strategic leaders have started investing huge resources in developing and nurturing the talent of subordinates by ensuring that they behave ethically to be able to exercise maximum influence on the

Online gaming Essay Example for Free

Online gaming Essay Is trying to attain the needs of the student with the new scheme of education. The K-12 entails the addition of Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health (MAPEH) subject in grades 1, 2 and 3. Music is a colorful sound that we hear after birth. Playing music for infants in their first year provides for enhancement and benefit in future education. Music has different meaning to every individual. It works as a means of learning, relaxation, and fun. Everyday, young people spend more than four hours watching television, one hour using a computer and one hour of playing video games. No wonder why this era has become the â€Å"digital age†. We can also refer to the current era as a visual age. The demand for new abilities also transformed the workplace. â€Å"The secret sauce comes from our ability to integrate are, music and literature with the hard sciences, that’s what produces an iPod Revolution or a Google.† Friedman says. Today arts are needed by our young people as a means of expression, communication, exploration, and imagination. Arts help us strengthen the critical thinking skills. It also develops cognitive and creative skills. Physical Education plays a critical role in educating the whole student. Like other academic courses of study, physical education is based upon rigorous national standards that define what students should know and be able to do as a result of participation. It is unique to the school curriculum as it is the only program that provides students with opportunities to learn motor skills, develop fitness, and gain understanding about the importance of physical activity. Students will be provided an individualized, developmentally appropriate, and personally challenging instructional program that will advance the knowledge, confidence, skills, and motivation needed to engage in a lifelong, healthy, active lifestyle. In the propose study of the proponents, the students are going to apply and use the application not just for the entertainment but for them to learn on  something like any other word games. But with this study the students are expected to learn words from the subject itself. Statement of the Problem This study find answers to the following questions: 1. Can the new game be an effective tool for learning while keeping players entertained? 2. Can the new game be an effective way of teaching MAPEH and can it be equally effective for enhancing the critical thinking skills of the players? General Objectives The general objective of this study is to implement a word game that enables the learning of the MAPEH subject more exciting. By providing a learning environment that is exciting and entertaining, the hope is to increase learning effectiveness. This game will act as a future learning tool that will assist in the problems that teachers face in expanding a child’s vocabulary. The same can be said for a teacher trying to teach students where Cebuano is not their first language. This application can make players more determined to learn and to advance in the language by forming as many words as they can. It will let the players build and expand their vocabulary and strengthens the advantages of learning and playing this game. Specific Objectives To create an application that is effective in teaching MAPEH subject with fun ï‚ · To create an application that enhances the players’ critical thinking skills Conceptual Framework The concept of the game is that the player inputs the user name after the submission, the player has two options in selecting the type of game, whether a timed game or a non-timed game. If the player selects timed game, the player can select among the four categories; Music, Arts Physical Education, or Health. If the player selects random category, there will be two (2) minutes allotted time for the player to search for possible word/s and if the player find the word/s there will be an additional ten (10)  seconds added to the player’s remaining time. In non-timed game, there will be a leveling stage of difficulty and the player will construct for possible answer in every random category questions. There is a rule in giving hint, in non-timed game, there is a help button for words that were not yet found. The player can hit the hint button every twenty (20) seconds only to have discipline in using hint. The timed game scoring is based on the number of words find while the non-timed game ranking score is based the length of words found. To make the game more interesting and exciting, the proponents added a hall of fame list , wherein it has a ranking of the top 10 players displaying their statistics like longest word found and their achievements that they gain from timed and non-timed game. However, if the player wanted to quit the non-timed game, he can hit the menu button and quit. If the player losses in timed game, there will be a notification box that will pop-up in which the player could choose and decide whether to try again or quit the game and return to main menu. Figure 1.0 The process of the Gameplay Simulation Scope and Delimitation of the Study Scope The study focuses on developing a PC game application of a book worm style game where it contains many categories that are related to MAPEH subject such as Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health. This game, players can choose whether it is timed game or non-timed game. Players can play with different category such as Music, Arts, Physical Education and Health or player can choose a random category. This game has a time limit wherein the player needs to complete the word/s before the time ends. If they can answer questions then points will be given and will be placed in a ranking or players can quit the game and return to main menu. In timed game, players can choose different category or a random category. Players will get a score for every word and if they have the biggest scores they will be put first in a ranking. Delimitation The game will only delimit the following: o It will only focus on related MAPEH subject. o It will only cater 2D Graphics and does not project 3D graphics. o It will only use materials that are educational. All inappropriate topics will be excluded. Significance of the Study Students – This research is significant to the students that find MAPEH as a difficult subject. Teachers – This research is significant to the teachers for they will also learn new learning tools or other way on how to teach MAPEH subject. Players – This research is significant to anybody that plays games since this game can enhance the players critical thinking skills of the subject MAPEH . Future Researchers – Anybody that wished to create the same study can use this as a reference. They will find this helpful. Definition of Terms 2D computer graphics 2D computer graphics are digital images that are computer-based. They include 2Dgeometric models, such as image compositions, pixel art, digital art, photographs and text. 2D graphics are used every day on traditional printing and drawing. Computer Gaming Computer gaming is a type of video game playing that is played on a personal computer, rather than a dedicated video game console. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter contains the review of related literature and related studies that contains relevant and useful information in conducting the research. Related Literatures Study examines potential positive effects of video games Video games have become part of our life. All age groups have a varying degree of experience with video games. Most games have been made for entertainment purposes. Nowadays, there is increasing controversy over the effects of video games. Parents worry about the negative effects of computer gaming on children, they’ve emphasized on the violent behavior and addiction of computer games. However, there are some positive effects which could benefit a person from playing video games. According to Snodgrass (2011), an associate professor of anthropology at Colorado State, video games can have potential positive effects on people. This was researched by examining the  different types of video gaming experiences and the effects they can have on players’ lives, including their self-reported levels of stress, life satisfaction and happiness. In video games, players could develop avatars and complete tasks in cooperation with other players. The complex and highly interactive nature of the game can lead players to feel as though they have become part of a vividly compelling alternate universe. The American Psychological Association (APA) researchers assessed their problem-solving ability by examining the types of cognitive, goal-oriented, game-oriented, emotional and contextual statements they made. Younger children seem more interested in setting short-term goals for their learning in the game compared to older children who are more interested in simply playing and the actions of playing. (Ostrovsky, 2008) Bookworm Deluxe Bookworm deluxe has similar concepts to Mother Tongue Bookworm. The game utilizes 2D graphic visualization, from a grid of available letters; players connect letters to form words. As words are formed, they are removed from the grid and the remaining letters collapse to fill the available space. The players are given a board filled with lettered tiles, and they have to string them together to form words. The player get points for each word and longer words are worth more points. A major benefit of the game is that it increases a player’s vocabulary. (Mueller, 2005) Scrabble Scrabble has been around for more than half a century now. Scrabble is a word game in which two to four players score points by forming words from individual lettered tiles on a game board marked with a 15-by-15 grid. The words are formed across and down in crossword fashion and must appear in a standard dictionary. There are three ways in which the player could benefit from playing this game. One of which is that it builds vocabulary, second is it helps one improve spelling and lastly in developing the skill of anagramming. The game application made by the proponents used this game as inspiration for the board game concept. (Rooni, 2010) Boggle game Boggle game or most commonly known as word factory is a word game designed by Allan Turoff. The game is played using a plastic grid of lettered dice, in which players attempt to find words in sequences of adjacent letters. The game is intended to help children learn to recognize letters and words, to practice hand-eye coordination, and to learn the correct spellings of basic words. (Nickerson, 2007) Synthesis The above mentioned related literature and studies, the proponents viewed that the proposed game application would be feasible and would significantly help those students most specially Kindergarten to Grade 3 students who are under the K to 12 program of the Department of Education. Children nowadays have access to technology that was not available in previous generations and therefore they have a unique opportunity to use this technology to aid in how they learn. By reversing the negative effects of video games, there are benefits that could be gained by players while having fun at the same time. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY In this chapter, the proponents discussed the method used in this study and the different procedures in the development of the research. Moreover, it also included the research locale, design procedure, design instrument and the timeline of the study and how the gathered data collected and analyzed. http://www.sourcecodester.com/visual-basic/educational-computer-game-thesis.html

Analysis of Michael Walzers View on Terrorism Essay -- Terrorism Essa

Michael Walzer is an esteemed retired professor from the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. Walzer has written many books, essays, and articles. His essay, Excusing Terror, is one that best relates to the current events happening around the world. In this essay, Walzer talks about different reasons that people would want to resort to terrorism. In this essay I will argue Walzers view on Terrorism is correct in that terrorism is wrong because it is akin to murder, it is random in who it targets, and no one has immunity. I will also offer an objection to Walzer’s theory and explain why it is not a valid one. First to determine if terrorism is in fact right or wrong we must understand what it is. Although there is not a universal definition to describe terrorism I relate closely to Walzers definition which is: â€Å"a random murder of innocent people, intended to frighten a population into demanding that their governments negotiate for their safety.† In Walzer’s article â€Å"Terrorism† (Cahn, 239) he lists the purpose and methods of terrorism as to â€Å"destroy the moral of a nation or a class, to undercut its solidarity; its method is the random murder of innocent people.† Innocent people or noncombatants, as people call them, are described as normal working civilians who do not play a role in the government or have any control of what is happening politically. These innocent people are the ones who are targeted with no regards to political affiliation, the only thing that makes them the target is simply belonging to a certain group. To offer an example in 911 innocent people were killed and were chosen only because they worked in the World Trade Center, they were not chosen for anything they had done politically. Wal... ...agree with. The hardest aspect of determining whether or not terrorism is morally right or wrong is the various definitions that it can have. As mentioned earlier I relate to Walzer’s definition of terrorism and understand it as he does. As discussed I feel that terrorism is wrong because it is akin to murder, it is random in who it targets and when, and no one has immunity. There are objections to this argument which is that conventional war is worse than terrorism therefore if war is justifiable then terrorism can be as well. As argued the difference between war and terrorist is the way of choosing your victims, which in my mind refutes this objection. Terrorism exists and whether it is right or wrong can be argued respectfully. Works Cited Cahn, S.M. (2011). Exploring Ethics: An Introductory Anthology, 2Nd Edition. (pp. 239-253) Oxford University Press

HMS Bounty Essay -- essays research papers

HMS Bounty The HMS Bounty set sail in 1789. Captain William Bligh and his many crewmembers ran the ship. There was an upset between the crew and the Captain. Even though the men violated the â€Å"Articles of War† it was justifiable that they should not be punished.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Crew of Captain Bligh, under penalty of law and the Captain, had no right to commit mutiny and remove the Captain from the ship. The â€Å"Articles of War† clearly state that if any crewmember conceals any traitorous practice or design shall suffer death or any other punishment as a court martial shall think fit. That is exactly what Captain Bligh’s crew took upon themselves. The crew had no reason to blame him for the rations of water because he was doing it to keep the breadfruit alive which was the whole reason for the mission. Indubitably the crews actions were unlawful. The Captain of the HMS Bounty was William Bligh. He was very strict in his actions and in his punishment. He followed the â€Å"Articles of War† like the Pope of the Roman Catholic Church followed the Bible. When they were in port the Captain was very courteous and polite to everyone on the ship. He treated everyone equally and didn’t abuse his rank. That soon changed as the ship set out for the open seas and Tahiti.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The crew started to challenge the Captain and he punished each person that defied him. Many of his actions were unjustifiable and should in turn be pu...

Recombinant dna technology Essay

Recombinant DNA technology refers to the ability to isolate specific DNA sequences and alter or manipulate them to produce desired effects. More often, recombinant DNA technology is referred to as biotechnology. Recombinant DNA technology is fascinating in that it has developed into a multi-billion dollar industry, and completely revolutionized agriculture and pharmaceutical industries, all within the past 50 years. According to one account, biotechnology was born during a meeting in Hawaii in 1972 between Stanford medical professor Stanley Cohen, and biochemist Herbert Boyer from the University of California (Russo, 2003). The men were attending a conference on plasmids, and discussed the ability to introduce plasmid DNA into the bacterium E Coli that would allow researchers to actually clone the plasmids in the bacteria. Boyer and Cohen eventually chose different paths, both affected by the growing concerns about the safety of recombinant DNA technology, but this meeting is marked as the beginning of the biotechnology revolution. Cohen stayed in academia and defended recombinant DNA technology in US congressional hearings. During the same time, in 1976 Herbert Boyer partnered with venture capitalist and MIT graduate Robert Swanson to set up and develop the worlds first biotechnology company, Genentech (Russo, 2003). Since its introduction in the 1970’s the biotechnology industry has exploded, revolutionizing science and agricultural as well as pharmaceutical production. In 2011, Ernst &Young stated in the US alone there were 1,870 public and private biotechnology companies, their revenues worth over 60 billion US dollars (www.ey.com, 2012). To better understand how biotechnology has impacted the world we live in, it is good to have a broad understanding of the underlying principles of recombinant DNA technology. Firstly, two types of DNA are isolated. The first is bacterial plasmids that will act as the â€Å"gene carriers† and the second is DNA from another organism with a gene of interest (Campbell essential biology, 1967). The plasmid is cut in one place, and the DNA is cut in the area of interest for a specific gene. Restriction enzymes cut double-stranded DNA molecules at highly specific locations, called restriction sites, into fragments that can be manipulated (Harrison, Sampson, 1992). The specificity of the different enzymes depends on the base sequence of the DNA. Some enzymes cut both strands at the same point to produce â€Å"blunt ends†, others cut strands at different points producing staggered ends â€Å"sticky ends† (Harrison, Sampson, 1992). The DNA fragments are then mixed with the cut plasmids, joining together at their base pairs, or â€Å"sticky ends† (G with C and T with A in a sequence). The union is made permanent by a â€Å"pasting enzyme† called DNA ligase, thus creating recombinant DNA. (Campbell essential biology, 1967). The bacterium containing the recombinant plasmid is then mass-produced creating clones of the recombinant DNA to be grown in large quantities. The success of biotechnology companies reflects the high demand and numerous applications of recombinant DNA technology. Animal farming and breeding has been altered, giving animals more meat, as well as giving cows growth hormones to produce more milk (Donnelley & McCarthy, 1994). Biotechnology is responsible for the synthesis of useful proteins to create vaccines and drugs that fight acute or chronic diseases and illnesses. Due to recombinant DNA technology, insulin is readily available to diabetics. Alternatively, genetically modified organisms (GMO’s) have been responsible for advancements in agri-business. In agriculture, biotechnology has allowed for genetically modified crops to produce more yield, and thus more revenue for farmers, by creating pest-resistant, weather- resistant crops (Federici, 2010). Genetically modified food products can be given a longer shelf life through altering the genetics of an organism. To farmers, and a world with a growing population, genetically modified crops are looking more and more attractive. Weather resistant GMO’s that can grow in otherwise detrimental climates have even been suggested as a solution to world hunger. There is concern about the safety and ethics of genetically modified and engineered organisms. In many European countries, GM foods are clearly labeled, in the US and Canada, there is no mandatory labeling laws for genetically engineered foods or products (Federici, 2010). Scientific data has indicated in some circumstances that animals fed by GM crops have been harmed or died. In some instances animals exposed to GM crops developed abnormally and displayed detrimental reproductive issues (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Increasing prevalence of food allergies has also lead to blaming untested genetically modified crops as the source of the allergies (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Environmentalists are also enraged at the introduction of genetic ally modified organisms. GM seeds, once planted, and harvested, yield seeds of their own and often mix with wild, organic seeds, thus producing offspring that are hybrids of the genetically modified organism. Loss of biodiversity due to the GM resistant strains overtaking natural plant breeds in nature is a serious concern for environmentalists and biologists (Burke, 2012). They claim that the effects of GMO’s have not been researched or experimented long enough to determine if there are any long-term side effects to humans (Maghari & Ardekani, 2011). Although the biological advancements in medicine and science have greatly improved the quality of life of humans, the effects of genetically modified foods and GM animals is concerning. By providing vaccines otherwise unavailable to humans through biotechnology, many people experience longer then expected life spans. Usefulness of recombinant DNA technology in the worlds healthcare system can not be denied. However, the dependence on GM food in sustaining the world’s population should be examined more in depth. Has enough research been conducted on the effects of GMO’s on humans, animals, biodiversity, and the environment? I would disagree that sufficient data exists to be exploiting the science of biotechnology as vastly as humans have. Bibliography Burke, D. C. (2012). There’s a long, long trail a-winding: The complexities of GM foods regulation, a cautionary tale from the UK. GM Crops & Food, 3(1), 30-39. doi:10.4161/gmcr.18041 Donnelley, S., & McCarthy, C. R. (1994). The brave new world of animal biotechnology. Hastings Center Report, 24(1), S1. Ernst &Young. (2012). Global Biotechnology Report. Ernst & Young website. Federici, V. (2010). GENETICALLY MODIFIED FOOD AND INFORMED CONSUMER CHOICE: COMPARING U.S. AND E.U. LABELING LAWS. Brooklyn Journal Of International Law, 35(2), 515-561. Harrison, J., & Sampson, J. (1992). Enhancing understanding of recombinant DNA technology. Journal Of Biological Education (Society Of Biology), 26(4), 300. Maghari, B., & Ardekani, A. M. (2011). Genetically Modified Foods and Social Concerns. Avicenna Journal Of Medical Biotechnology, 3(3), 109-117. Russo, E. (2003). Special Report: The birth of biotechnology. Nature, 421(6921), 456. Simon, J., Dickey, J., Reece, J. (1967). Campbell essential biology with physiology. (4th ed.). London: Dorling Kindersley Limited. Quaye, W. W., Yawson, R. M., Ayeh, E. S., & Yawson, I. I. (2012). CLIMATE CHANGE AND FOOD SECURITY: THE ROLE OF BIOTECHNOLOGY. African Journal Of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition & Development, 12(5), 6354-6364